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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What systems work in harmony to coordinate all activities of the body?
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Endocrine and the Nervous
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Endocrin Glands
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ductless glands that produce hormones
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Name some examples of endocrine glands
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Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, pancreas
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Exocrine Glands
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glands with ducts producing hormones
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Name some examples of exocrine glands
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salivary glands, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the liver
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Hormones
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substances that are secreted from endocrine glands
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Name some chemicals that are like hormones
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Paracrine, Autocrine, and Eicosaniods
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Paracrine
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hormones that diffuse to target cells in the body
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Autocrine
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hormones that act on the cell that made it
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Eicosaniods
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hormone-like substances derived from arachidonic acid and act only on cells in their immediate vicinity
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Name the different chemical natures of hormones
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Amino acid based hormones and Steroid based hormones
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What type of chemical nature is the most common?
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Amino acid base
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Name the types of amino acid based hormones
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amines and Protein and Peptides
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Amines
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simple hormones derived from the amino acid tryosine
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Name an example of an amine
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Epinephrine
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Protein and Peptides
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chains of amino acids hooked together
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Name some examples of Proteins and Peptides
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ADH and Oxytoxin
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Steroid Based Hormones
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lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
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Name an example of a steroid based hormone
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testosterone
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Name the functions of hormones
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Integrative, homeostatic, growth
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Integrative
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reaches all cells of the body and permits differedt tissue groups to respond as a whole
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Homeostatic
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maintenance of internal enviorment by changing cellular activities
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How are thyroid and steroid hormones able to cross the cell membrane?
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because they are lipid in nature
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What do thyroid and steroid hormones bind to once they have crossed the membrane?
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intracellular receptors
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Once hormones and intracellular receptors bind what happens next?
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the hormone receptor complex triggers activation or inactivation of specific genes on the DNA
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Once hormone receptor complex activates specific genes what happens next?
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synthesis of new proteins by transcription and translation alters the cellular activity
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Name the types of signaling of Amino acid based hormones
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Cyclic AMP and Pip-Calcium
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Cyclic AMP
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hormone binds to the cell membrane, G protein binds to the cell membrane, G protein becomes activated, G Protein turns into GDP to make another GTP, G Protein binds to Adenylatecyclase, that generates cyclic AMP from ATP, cyclic AMP activates protein kinase to respond
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Pip-Calcium
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hormone binds to the cell membrane, G protein binds to the cell membrane, G protein becomes activated, G Protein turns into GDP to make another GTP, G Protein binds to Phopholipase, Phospholipase splits into PIP2 and DAG, they activate protein kinases, theres an increase of Ca2 which modifys the activity of cellular proteins
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Secondary Messangers
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they activate the protein kinase and create a response
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What are the secondary messangers in Cyclic AMP?
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Cyclic AMP
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What are the secondary messangers in Pip-Calcium?
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IP3 DAG and Ca2
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Negative Feedback
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physiological response causes decreased release of the hormone
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Positive Feedback
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physiological response causes increased release of the hormone
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What does the responsivness of a target cell depend on?
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Concentration of the hormone, abundance of receptors, interaction of other hormones
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Permissive effect
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hormone requires current or recent exposure to another hormone
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Synergistic effect
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2 hormones together cause a stronger response that their individual responses
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Antagonist effect
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one hormone inhibits the response of another
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What is another name for the pituitary gland?
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the master gland
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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What is the pitutiary gland closly associated with?
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the hypothalamus by the infindulum
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Name the parts of the pituitary gland
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anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and the avascular pars intermedia
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Whats another name for the anterior pituitary gland?
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adenohypophysis or the glandular portion
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Whats another name for the posterior pituitary gland?
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neurohypopysis or the nervous portion
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What does the posterior lobe store?
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hormones produced by the hypothalamus
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How is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?
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via the supraopticohyphyseal tract
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What hormones does the pituitary gland store?
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oxytoxin and Anti-diuretic hormone
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Oxytoxin
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stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus in pregnancy and initiates labor cycle
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Anti-diuretic Hormone
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controls water reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney nephrons and stimulates smooth muscle of the digestive tract and blood vessels
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What type of tissue makes up the anterior lobe of the piuitary gland?
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epitheliel
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Name the hormones that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
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Growth Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocortictropic Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteninizing Hormones, Prolactin, Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
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What is the growth hormone produced by?
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somatotropic cells of the anterior lobe
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What does the growth hormone do?
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stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide (particularly in bones and skeletal muscles)
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What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do?
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stimulates the throid to grown and increase secretions of the thyroid hormone
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What does the adrenocorticotropic Hormone do?
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stimulates adrenocortical growth and increase secretions of the adrenal gland hormones
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What does the follical stimulating hormone do?
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stimulates growth of the ovarian follicals in females and sperm in males
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Whats another name for the follical stimulating hormone?
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gonadotropins
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What does the Luteinizing Hormones do?
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stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone in males
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Whats another name for prolactin?
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luteotropic hormone
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What is the function of the prolactin?
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maintains corpus luteum and stimulates milk productions and breast development
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What is the function of the melanocyte stimulating hormone?
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stimulates melanocytes which regulate pigments, melanin, of the skin
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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in the neck below the larynx
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Name the parts of the thyroid gland
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two lobes connected by an isthmus
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What is the major cell in the thyroid gland?
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follicular cells
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What do follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce?
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glycoprotein thyroglobulin
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How are hormones synthesized in the thyroid gland?
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from the iodinated thyroglobulin and tyrosine and regulate the speed of all basic cellular processes
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Name the hormones of the thyroid gland
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Thyroid hormone, triiodothyonine, calcitonin
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Thyroid Hormone
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stimulates growth processes and controls metabolic turnover of oxygen
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Thiiodothyronine
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also controls metabolic turnover of oxygen and stimulates growth processes
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Calcitonin
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a polupeptide hormone produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland that lowers blood Ca levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and enhancing osteoblasts and Ca uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix
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What is calcitonin produced by?
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parafollicular cells
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What is hormone regulated by in the thyroid gland?
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thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland
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Where is the parathyroid gland located?
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the four tiny glands are on the posterior thyroid
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What type of cells do the parathyroid cells produce?
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chief cells
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What do chief cells produce?
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parathyroid hormone which helps regulate Ca levels
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Where is the adrenal gland located?
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on the retroperitoneal and superior to the kidney
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Name the layers of the adrenal gland
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outter cortex and the inner medulla
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What does the cortex of the adrenal glands produce?
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steroid hormones from cholesterol
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Name the reigons of the cortex
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Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculate, Zona reticularis
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Zona Glomerulosa
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releases aldosterone which controls electrolyte balance in the kidneys
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Zona Fasciculate
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produces glucocoriticoids such as cotisol and cortisone which influences metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat
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Zona Reticularis
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produces androgens or adrenal sex hormones such as testosterone
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Name the layers of the adrenal gland from outter to inner
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Glomerulosa, Fasciculate, Reticularis
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When does the medulla of the adrenal gland release hormones?
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when the body is under stress
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Chromaffin Cells
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cells within the adrenal gland that are hormone producing
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Name the types of hormones secreted from the adrenal gland
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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Epinephrine
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elevates blood sugar, regulates body during stress or anger, increases BP, heart beat and sympathetic effects of the nervous system
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Norepinephrine
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helps maintain blood pressure and accouts for 20% of the hormones released by the medullary portion
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Where is the thymus gland located?
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posterior to the sternum and between the lungs
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With age, what happens to the size of the thymus gland?
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it shrinks
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What is the major hormonal product of the thymus gland?
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thymosin which is for normal development of the T cells and the immune response
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Where is the pineal gland located?
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in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
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What type of cell is found in the pineal gland?
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pinealocytes
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What is a major product of the pinal gland?
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melatonin whose concentrations fall and rise in the diurnal cycle
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Where is the pancreas located?
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on the posterior lobe and inferior to the stomach
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What is considered to be both endocrine and exocrine?
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pancrease
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What types of cells are found within the pancrease?
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Islets of Langerhans and Acinar cells
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Name the types of cells found within the Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha cells, Beta cells, Delta cells
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What do alpha cells produce?
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glucagon
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Glucagon
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breaks down glycogen to glucose, synthesizes glucose from lactic acid and other non-carbohydrate molecules, and release glucose to the blood by liver cells
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What do beta cells produce?
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insulin
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Insulin
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lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells as well as by inhibiting glycogenolysis
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What do delta cells produce?
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somatostain which inhibits insulin and glucagon
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Acinar cells
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produce pancreatic enzymes which are exocrine secretions that travel via ducts to the small intestines
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Where are the ovaries located?
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in the pelvic cavity
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What do the ovaries produce?
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estrogen and progesterone
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Progestrone
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helps to stimulate the uterus to bring about thickening and vascularization of the endometrium in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg
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Where are the testies located?
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in the scrotum
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What do the testies secrete?
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testosterone
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What do the testies produce?
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inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH and GnRH when sperm counts are high
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Placenta
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temorary organ only formed during pregnancy
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What does the placenta produce?
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hCG hormone which aides in pregnancy and keeping the corpus luteum intact
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What does the heart secrete?
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ANP which means producing salty urine
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What does the heart inhibit?
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aldosterone released by the adrenal cortex
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What does the kidney secrete?
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erythropoietin for RBC production
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What does the skin produce?
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choleocalciferol which is the inactive form of Vitamin D
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What does adipose tissue release?
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leptin following the uptake of glucose and lipids resulting in satiety
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What does the gastrointestinal tract produce?
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serotonin, secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin
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Gigantism
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hypersecretion of GH hormone in children
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Acromegaly
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hypersecretion of GH hormone in adults
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Progeria
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severe hyposecretion of GH where body tissues begin to atrophy causing premature aging
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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hyposecretion of the GH in childreen resulting in slow bone growth
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Galactorrhea
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inappropriate lactation due to hypersecretion of prolactin
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Gynecomastia
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breast enlargment
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Myxedema
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hypothryroid syndrome resulting in low metabolic rate, feeling chilled, constipation, thick dry skin, puffy eyes, edema
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Name the typesof Myxedema
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Goiter and Cretinism
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Goiter
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when myxedema results from lack of iodine
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cretinism
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sever hypothyroidism in infants
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Graves disease
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hyperthyroidism resulting in elevated metabolic rates, sweating protrusion of eyeballs, rapid irregular heat beat, nervousness
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exopthalamos
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protrusion of the eye balls
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Hyperparathyroidism
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resulting in Ca being leached from the bones
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Hypoparathyroidism
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results in low Ca levels and increases the excitability of neurons
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Diabetes insipdus
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deficiency of ADH secretion causing an increase in urine output (chronic dehydration)
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Addison's disease
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hyposecretory disease of the adrenal cortex resulting in excess K in blood
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Crushing's disease
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increases secretion of ACTH due to an ACTH releasing tumor of the pituitary or by high doses of glucocorticoid drugs; results in reduction of blood K levels "moon face"
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Masculinization
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hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids
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Whats another name for masculinization?
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virilization
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
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before age 20 from loss of beta cells of the pancreas resulting in the individual becoming insulin dependent
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
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over the age of 40 from target cells inability to use insulin; the individual is said to be non-insulin dependant
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Hirsutism
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excessive hair growth (usually occuring in women)
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