A & P 1- Exam 1 Material

Front 1

epithelial tissue

Back 1

skin

Front 2

Define "anatomy".

Back 2

scientific branch of study that investigates the body’s structure

Front 3

Anatomy also examines the relationship that exists between the ____a____ of a body part and its ___b____

Back 3

a) structure
b) function

Front 4

Explain what "form dictates function" means.

Back 4

The anatomy (form) of a body part determines/indicates the physiology (function) of that body part.

Front 5

Give an example of "form dictates function".

Back 5

bones are able to provide protection because they are mineralized with calcium salts

Front 6

Define "physiology".

Back 6

the scientific investigations of the functions of living things

Front 7

Name the first "Major Goal of Physiology".

Back 7

understand how the body maintains conditions w/i a narrow range of values

Front 8

Name the 4 conditions listed in the notes as those "maintained w/i a narrow range of values".

Back 8

i. Temperature
ii. Heart rate
iii. Blood pressure
iv. Urinary output

Front 9

Give the "textbook value" for temperature.

Back 9

98.6 degrees

Front 10

Give the "textbook value" for heart rate.

Back 10

72 beats per minute (bpm)

Front 11

Give the "textbook value" for blood pressure.

Back 11

120/80 mmHg

Front 12

Give the "textbook value" for urinary output.

Back 12

1.5 Liters/day

Front 13

Name the second "Major Goal of Physiology".

Back 13

b) understand and predict how the body will respond to stimuli/changes

Front 14

Name the 4 "Branches of Physiology" listed in the notes (not an exhaustive list).

Back 14

1) cellular physiology
2) neurophysiology
3) renal physiology
4) cardiovascular physiology

Front 15

cellular physiology

Back 15

studies processes occurring in individual cells

Front 16

neurophysiology

Back 16

studies processes occurring in the nervous system

Front 17

renal physiology

Back 17

studies kidney function and the process of urine formation

Front 18

cardiovascular physiology

Back 18

studies the function of blood, the heart, and blood vessels
3 DISTINCT AREAS

Front 19

List the "Levels of Structural Organization" from least to most complex.

Back 19

1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ Level
5) Organ system level

Front 20

Chemical level

Back 20

a) atoms combine to form molecules
b) molecules combine to form cellular organelles

Front 21

Cellular level

Back 21

a) cells= basic unit of life
b) all cells have a certain number of functions in common
c) cells can also have unique functions

Front 22

Give an example of a common function of all cells.

Back 22

cellular respiration

Front 23

Give and example of a function unique to some cells.

Back 23

contraction of muscle cells

Front 24

Tissue level

Back 24

a) a tissue= a group of functionally similar cells
b) 4 basic types

Front 25

List the 4 basic types of tissues.

Back 25

i. epithelium
ii. muscle
iii. connective
iv. nervous

Front 26

epithelium

Back 26

covers body surfaces and lines cavities

Front 27

muscle

Back 27

provides movement

Front 28

connective

Back 28

supports and protects

Front 29

nervous tissue

Back 29

provides communication through electrical signaling

Front 30

Organ level

Back 30

a) an organ is composed of AT LEAST 2 tissue types that perform a common function

Front 31

List examples of organs.

Back 31

kidney, liver, pancreas

Front 32

Organ system level

Back 32

a) a system is a group of organs that have a common function and are viewed as a unit
b) the body is divided into 11 distinct body systems

Front 33

II. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN

Back 33

(section header)

Front 34

List the "Body Positions".

Back 34

1. anatomic position
2. supine
3. prone

Front 35

anatomic position

Back 35

Subject is:
i. standing erect
ii. facing forward
iii. upper limbs are hanging at the sides
iv. palms are facing forward

Front 36

supine

Back 36

Subject is:
i. lying on its back, face upward

Front 37

prone

Back 37

Subject is:
i. lying face downward

Front 38

List the "Directional Terms".

Back 38

1) superior 6) lateral
2) inferior 7) proximal
3) anterior 8) distal
4) posterior 9) superficial
5) medial 10) deep

Front 39

superior

Back 39

a. towards the head ("above")
b. a.k.a. "cranial", "cephalic"
c. EX: the shoulder is SUPERIOR to the pelvis

Front 40

inferior

Back 40

a. away from the head ("below")
b. a.k.a. "caudal"
c. EX: the abdomen is INFERIOR to the neck

Front 41

anterior

Back 41

a. in front of
b. a.k.a. "ventral"
c. EX: the sternum is ANTERIOR to the spine

Front 42

posterior

Back 42

a. in back of; behind
b. a.k.a. "dorsal"
c. EX: the heart is POSTERIOR to the ribcage

Front 43

medial

Back 43

a. toward the midline of the body
b. EX: the nose is MEDIAL to the eye

Front 44

lateral

Back 44

a. away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
b. EX: the ear is LATERAL to the eye

Front 45

proximal

Back 45

a. closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
b. EX: the elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist

Front 46

distal

Back 46

a. further away from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
b. EX: the knee is DISTAL to the thigh

Front 47

superficial

Back 47

a. toward the body's surface
b. a.k.a. "external"
c. EX: skeletal muscles are SUPERFICIAL to bones

Front 48

deep

Back 48

a. away from the body's surface
b. a.k.a. "internal"
c. EX: the lungs are DEEP to the ribs

Front 49

Name the 2 "Main Body Regions".

Back 49

a) axial- head, neck, trunk

b) appendicular- appendages/limbs

Front 50

List the 3 "Main Body Planes".

Back 50

1. Sagittal
2. Frontal
3. Transverse

Front 51

Sagittal plane

Back 51

vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves
- mid-sagittal
- parasagittal

Front 52

midsagittal

Back 52

divides the body into equal halves (R & L)

Front 53

parasagittal

Back 53

divides the body into unequal halves

Front 54

Frontal plane

Back 54

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Front 55

Transverse plane

Back 55

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Front 56

Name the 2 "Main Body Cavities".

Back 56

1) Dorsal body cavity
2) Ventral body cavity

Front 57

Dorsal body cavity

Back 57

protects the nervous system
a. cranial cavity
b. vertebral cavity

Front 58

cranial cavity

Back 58

encases the brain

Front 59

vertebral cavity

Back 59

encloses the spinal cord

- located in dorsal body cavity

Front 60

Ventral body cavity

Back 60

location of internal organs (viscera)
a. thoracic cavity
b. abdominopelvic cavity

Front 61

viscera

Back 61

internal organs

Front 62

thoracic cavity

Back 62

1. surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
2. 2 subdivisions:
a. lateral pleural cavities
b. medial pericardial cavity

Front 63

lateral pleural cavities

Back 63

each contains a lung

- located in thoracic cavity, w/i ventral body cavity

Front 64

pericardial cavity

Back 64

encloses the heart

- located in thoracic cavity, w/i ventral body cavity

Front 65

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 65

1. separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
2. 2 regions:
a. abdominal cavity
b. pelvic cavity

Front 66

What does the abdominal region of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

Back 66

stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

Front 67

What does the pelvic region of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

Back 67

urinary bladder, last portion of the large intestine, internal reproductive structures

Front 68

What is the "general" type of membrane in found in the ventral body cavity?

Back 68

serous membranes

Front 69

serous membranes

Back 69

double-walled membranes that:
1) covers organs
2) lines cavity walls

Front 70

Name the 3 parts of the serous membrane(s).

Back 70

a) parietal serosa
b) visceral serosa
c) serous fluid

Front 71

parietal serosa

Back 71

the part of the membrane that lines the cavity walls

Front 72

visceral serosa

Back 72

the part of the membrane that covers the organ

Front 73

serous fluid

Back 73

thin layer of lubricating fluid between the serosas (visceral and parietal)

Front 74

List the "Specific Terms" under "Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity".

Back 74

a) parietal pericardium
b) visceral pericardium
c) parietal pleura
d) visceral pleura
e) parietal peritoneum
f) visceral peritoneum

Front 75

parietal pericardium

Back 75

lines the pericardial cavity

Front 76

visceral pericardium

Back 76

covers the heart's surface

Front 77

parietal pleura

Back 77

lines the walls of the pleural cavity

Front 78

visceral pleura

Back 78

covers the surface of the lungs

Front 79

parietal peritoneum

Back 79

lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 80

visceral peritoneum

Back 80

covers the surface of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 81

III. THE CELL

Back 81

(section heading)

Front 82

Plasma membrane

Back 82

General Characteristics:
a) outermost component of cell
b) responsible for the ability of the cell to connect, recognize, and communicate
c/d) INTRAcellular vs. EXTRAcellular

Front 83

The plasma membrane is responsible for the cell's ability to ___a___, ___b___, and ___c___ with one another.

Back 83

a) connect
b) recognize
c) communicate

Front 84

INTRAcellular

Back 84

describes substances INSIDE the cell

Front 85

EXTRAcellular

Back 85

describes substances OUTSIDE the cell

Front 86

Plasma membrane structure

Back 86

a) lipids: 45-50% of plasma membrane
b) proteins: 45-50% of plasma membrane
c) carbohydrates: 4-8% of plasma membrane

Front 87

Lipids in the Plasma Membrane

Back 87

i. phospholipids
ii. cholesterol

Front 88

phospholipids

Back 88

lipids joined with phosphate groups arranged in two layers ("lipid bilayer")
- hydrophilic "head"
- hydrophobic "tail"

Front 89

hydrophilic "head"

Back 89

made of phosphate groups (polar)

- part of the phospholipid portion of the plasma membrane

Front 90

hyrdrophobic "tail"

Back 90

made of fatty acid chains (nonpolar)

- part of the phospholipid portion of the plasma membrane

Front 91

cholesterol in the plasma membrane

Back 91

interspersed between the phospholipids; prevents the fatty acid chains from sticking together

Front 92

Why is cholesterol important in the plasma membrane?

Back 92

by preventing fatty acids from sticking together, it maintains the fluidity/flexibility of the PM; this is critical to its function

Front 93

"fluid mosaic model"

Back 93

another name for the phospholipid bilayer

Front 94

Proteins in the Plasma Membrane

Back 94

i. suspended within the PM
ii. 2 types:
- integral
- peripheral
iii. Functions:
- attachment site
- ion channels
- receptor molecule(s)
- marker molecule(s)

Front 95

List the 2 types of protein in the plasma membrane.

Back 95

1) integral

2) peripheral

Front 96

integral proteins in the plasma membrane

Back 96

inserted all the way through the PM; can communicate with the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid simultaneously

Front 97

peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane

Back 97

attached to either the inner OR outer surface of the plasma membrane

Front 98

List the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane.

Back 98

1) attachment site
2) ion channels
3) receptor molecule(s)
4) marker molecule(s)

Front 99

Describe the function of proteins as ATTACHMENT SITES in the plasma membrane.

Back 99

allow cells to attach to each other or other molecules

Front 100

Describe the function of proteins as ION CHANNELS in the plasma membrane.

Back 100

allow ions (ie. Na, K, Cl, etc.) to move into or out of the cell

Front 101

Describe the function of proteins as RECEPTOR MOLECULES in the plasma membrane.

Back 101

sites on the outside surface of the plasma membrane that are *specific* for another substance; *binding* causes a chain of intracellular events

Front 102

Give an example of a protein in the plasma membrane acting as a receptor molecule.

Back 102

protein receptor site accepts acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) floating in the extracellular fluid... chains of events resulting in a muscle contraction (response)

Front 103

signal transduction

Back 103

a chain of events involving a receptor protein in the plasma membrane

receptor-> binding-> chain of events-> response

Front 104

Describe the function of proteins as MARKER MOLECULES in the plasma membrane.

Back 104

allows for cellular recognition

Front 105

Give 2 examples of proteins in the plasma membrane acting as marker molecules.

Back 105

1) sperm cell recognizing oocyte

2) immune system recognizing "self" cells versus foreign cells

Front 106

Carbohydrates in the Plasma Membrane

Back 106

i. glycolipid
ii. glycoprotein

Front 107

CHO + lipid = _______

Back 107

glycolipid

Front 108

CHO + protein = _______

Back 108

glycoprotein

Front 109

"cell coat"

Back 109

another name for glycolipids + glycoproteins in the plasma membrane

Front 110

IV. TISSUES

Back 110

(section heading)

Front 111

Name the 4 Tissue Types.

Back 111

1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous

Front 112

Tissue classification is based upon:
1) ___________
2) ___________
3) ___________

Back 112

1) structure of the cell
2) composition of non-cellular substances surrounding the cell (aka "extracellular matrix")
3) cellular function

Front 113

Epithelial tissue characteristics

Back 113

a) covers some body surfaces and lines cavities
b) forms some glands
c) retain mitotic ability
d) an epithelial cell as 2 surfaces:
- apical surface
- basal surface

Front 114

Why is it important that epithelial cells "retain mitotic ability"?

Back 114

this allows damaged cells to be replaced with new cells

Front 115

apical surface

Back 115

the outside, exposed part of the epithelial cell (opposite the basal surface)
???

Front 116

basal surface

Back 116

the inner, unexposed surface of the epithelial cell (opposite the apical surface)
???

Front 117

Epithelial tissue with only one layer of cells is called ________.

Back 117

simple epithelium

Front 118

Epithelial tissue with multiple layers of cells is called _______.

Back 118

stratified epithelium

Front 119

List the functions of epithelial tissue.

Back 119

a) protection
b) secretion
c) absorption

Front 120

List the types of connective tissue.

Back 120

a) loose
b) dense
c) cartilage
d) bone
e) blood

Front 121

List the "General Characteristics of Connective Tissue".

Back 121

a) all CT is derived from the same embryonic tissue type.
b) CT has lots of extracellular matrix.
c) each major class of CT has a predominant cell type that exists in mature and immature form.

Front 122

extracellular matrix

Back 122

nonliving structural portion of tissue that surrounds and separates living cells

Front 123

The extracellular matrix of CT can include 3 fiber types- list them.

Back 123

1) collagen
2) elastic
3) reticular

Front 124

collagen fiber

Back 124

- thick, fibrous protein
- extremely strong
- most abundant
* found in extracellular matrix of CT*

Front 125

elastic fiber

Back 125

- made of the protein elastin
- can stretch and snap back to original shape (recoil ability)
* found in extracellular matrix of CT*

Front 126

recoil ability

Back 126

describes the ability of a fiber to stretch and snap back to its original shape

-> essential for connective tissue in blood vessels, skin, lungs, etc.

Front 127

reticular fibers

Back 127

- thin, fibrous protein
- mostly found around lymphatic tissue
* found in extracellular matrix of CT*

Front 128

Give the predominant cell type for loose/dense connective tissue.

Back 128

IMMATURE MATURE

fibroblast fibrocyte

Front 129

Give the predominant cell type for cartilaginous connective tissue.

Back 129

IMMATURE MATURE

chondroblast chondrocyte

Front 130

Give the predominant cell type for bone. (CT)

Back 130

IMMATURE MATURE

osteoblast osteocyte

Front 131

Give the predominant cell type for blood. (CT)

Back 131

IMMATURE: hemopoetic stem cell
MATURE:
- erythrocyte-> red blood cell
- leukocyte-> white blood cell

Front 132

How many different types of leukocytes are there?

Back 132

5 types

Front 133

List and describe the specific functions of loose connective tissue.

Back 133

a) areolar- attaches skin to underlying tissues
b) adipose- aka "fat"; 2 types:
- yellow
- brown

Front 134

yellow, adipose (loose CT)

Back 134

- used for storage, insulation, protection

Front 135

brown adipose (loose CT)

Back 135

- found mostly in the armpits, neck, and near kidneys
- used for generation of heat
- newborns (neonates) have more

Front 136

List the specific functions of dense connective tissue.

Back 136

- regular

- irregular

Front 137

regular dense CT

Back 137

- protein fibers are all arranged in one direction (increases strength)

- found mostly in tendons

Front 138

irregular dense CT

Back 138

- protein fibers are arranged randomly

- found where stretch in different directions is necessary (ie. skin)

Front 139

Function of tendons?

Back 139

connect muscle to bone

Front 140

List the specific functions of cartilage.

Back 140

1) hyaline (most abundant)
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic (least abundant)

Front 141

hyaline cartilage (CT)

Back 141

- made of small collagen bundles
- found where support and flexibility are needed (ie. nose, trachea, articulating surfaces)

Front 142

costal cartilage (CT)

Back 142

type of HYALINE cartilage anchoring the ribs

Front 143

fibrocartilage (CT)

Back 143

- made of large collagen bundles
- found in areas that withstand high pressure (ie. knee joint, b/w the vertebrae)

Front 144

elastic cartilage (CT)

Back 144

- made of elastin and collagen
- found in areas that are rigid but flexible (ie. external ear- "pinna")

Front 145

List the "Specific Characteristics of Bone"

Back 145

- consists of living cells and mineralized matrix
- cancellous/spongy
- compact bone

Front 146

Cancellous/spongy bone (CT)

Back 146

- made of flat bony plates called trabeculae
- between trabeculae are large open spaces filled with bone marrow
- make up inner portion of most bones
*honeycomb structure in a cross-section*

Front 147

Compact bone (CT)

Back 147

- made of bony layers called lamellae
- very hard/solid because the lamellae have no spaces between them
- outer covering of most bones

Front 148

Nervous tissue

Back 148

1. found in brain, spinal cord, and fibers extending from these areas
2. controls body through electrical signals called "action potentials"
3. 2 major cell types:
- neurons/nerve cells
- neuroglia

Front 149

neurons/nerve cells

Back 149

actual conducting cells of the nervous tissue; they PRODUCE action potentials

Front 150

neuroglia

Back 150

- 5 different types
- non-conducting support cells (do not conduct action potentials)
- provide insulation and protection to neurons

Front 151

Muscle tissue

Back 151

1. responsible for movement
2. contracts/shortens in response to electrical signals
...
5. 3 muscle types:
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth

Front 152

Describe muscle tissue according to STRUCTURE.

Back 152

a) striated- visible microscopic bands of contractile proteins
b) smooth- (non-striated) bands not visible

Front 153

Describe muscle tissue according to FUNCTION.

Back 153

a) voluntary- consciously controlled
b) involuntary- unconsciously controlled

Front 154

contraction is accomplished by the interaction of cellular contractile proteins called __a__ and __b__.

Back 154

a) actin

b) myosin

Front 155

List the functions of the Integumentary System.

Back 155

1. protection
2. body temperature regulation
3. sensation

Front 156

Describe the function of the Integumentary System in PROTECTION

Back 156

a) chemical barrier
b) physical barrier
c) biological barrier

Front 157

How does the integument form a "chemical barrier" for protection?

Back 157

i. skin secretions are slightly acidic (low pH) which slows the growth of bacteria

ii. melanin protects against UV rays

Front 158

How does the integument form a "physical barrier" for protection?

Back 158

i. continuity of skin and hardness of keratinized cells limits entry of foreign substances
ii. glycolipids make skin waterproof
iii. hair
iv. nails cover the ends of the fingers and can be used for protection

Front 159

Describe the function of hair in integumentary protection.

Back 159

Hair forms a physical barrier:
- on the head provides insulation
- eyebrows slow the flow of sweat into the eyes
- in the nose and ears trap airborne particles

Front 160

Describe the function of the Integumentary System in BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION.

Back 160

a. an increase in temperature stimulates sweat glands to begin secretory activity

Front 161

How does sweat help regulate body temperature?

Back 161

- evaporation of sweat pulls heat away from the skin and cools the body

Front 162

Describe the function of the Integumentary System in SENSATION.

Back 162

a. located in epidermis:
i. touch receptors
b. located in dermis:
i. touch receptors
ii. pain receptors
iii. temperature receptors
iv. pressure receptors

Front 163

Merckel discs

Back 163

TOUCH receptors located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

- function in sensation for integumentary system

Front 164

Meissner's corpuscles

Back 164

touch receptors located in the dermis

- function in sensation for integumentary system

Front 165

nociceptors

Back 165

PAIN receptors located in the dermis

- function in sensation for integumentary system

Front 166

thermoreceptors

Back 166

TEMPERATURE receptors located in the dermis

- function in sensation for integumentary system

Front 167

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 167

PRESSURE receptors located in the dermis

- function in sensation for integumentary system

Front 168

Describe how the Integumentary System forms "biological barriers" for protection.

Back 168

i. Langerhan's cells
ii. dermal macrophages

Front 169

Langerhan's cells

Back 169

- help activate the immune system
- located in stratum spinosum
- function in PROTECTION for Integumentary system

Front 170

dermal macrophages

Back 170

- phagocyte cells that defend against microorganisms
- located in the dermis
- function in PROTECTION for the integumentary system

Front 171

List the "Clinical Disorders" of the Integumentary System.

Back 171

1. Skin Cancer
2. Burns

Front 172

Skin Cancer

Back 172

a. caused by a genetic predisposition and exposure to UV radiation

- 3 types:
-> basal cell carcinoma
-> squamous cell carcinoma
-> malignant melanoma

Front 173

basal cell carcinoma

Back 173

- least malignant
- most common form of skin cancer
- begins in the stratum basale; tissue destruction produces an open ulcer
- treated by surgical removal or radiation therapy

Front 174

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 174

- cells in stratum spinosum continue unregulated cell growth (fail to lose mitotic ability after leaving stratum basale)
- in rare cases, the tumor migrates out of the epidermis and invades the dermis; if this occurs, the tumor can metastasize, and condition can become fatal

Front 175

malignant melanoma

Back 175

- least common
- arises from melanocytes, usually in a pre-existing mole
- develops as a large, flat, spreading sore, or a deeply pigmented nodule (hard "lump" under the skin)
- metastasis is common; if not treated early this form is usually fatal

Front 176

Skin Disorders- Burns

Back 176

a. categorized by depth of cell damage
i. 1st degree
ii. 2nd degree
iii. 3rd degree

Front 177

Skin Disorders- Burns- 1st degree burns

Back 177

- involves epidermis only
- red and painful but heals in less than a week without scarring

Front 178

Skin Disorders- Burns- 2nd degree burns

Back 178

- epidermis AND dermis are damaged
- burns are red and painful
- edema usually develops
- blisters develop
- usually heal in 1-2 weeks; degree of scarring depends on extent of internal damage

Front 179

What is "edema"?

Back 179

loss of fluid from blood vessels and into tissues- characterized by inflammation and swelling

Front 180

Skin Disorders- Burns- 3rd degree burns

Back 180

- epidermis and dermis are both completely destroyed
- skin can regenerate only from the edges; skin grafts are often necessary

Front 181

Tissues- Integument- THE SKIN

Back 181

1. largest organ of the body
2. Epidermis
3. Strata layers

Front 182

The largest organ of the body, the __a__ is composed of __b__ regions.

Back 182

a) skin
b) 2 regions (dermis and epidermis)

Front 183

Tissues- Integument- The Skin- EPIDERMIS

Back 183

- outermost layer; superficial layer (epi=outer)
a. stratified squamous epithelium
b. most cells contain the protein keratin (for protection)
c. new cell production occurs by mitosis in deeper layers; surface cells desquamate

Front 184

T/F:
Cells in the epidermis undergo mitosis in the surface cells; deeper cells desquamate.

Back 184

FALSE
- new cell production occurs by mitosis in deeper layers; surface cells desquamate

Front 185

The Skin- Epidermis- STRATA LAYERS

Back 185

"Cows Like Grain, Spinach, and Basil"
a. stratum corneum
b. stratum lucidum
c. stratum granulosum
d. stratum spinosum
e. stratum basale

Front 186

Epidermis- Strata Layers- STRATUM CORNEUM

Back 186

1. most superficial
2. 20-30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
3. Has waterproofing glycolipids that have been PRODUCED IN A DEEPER LAYER

Front 187

Where are the waterproofing glycolipids in the stratum corneum produced?

Back 187

those glycolipids are produced in the STRATUM GRANULOSUM, by lamellated granules

Front 188

Epidermis- Strata Layers- STRATUM LUCIDUM

Back 188

- "clear layer"
1. 2-3 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
2. only present in thick skin (palms, soles of feet)

Front 189

Epidermis- Strata Layers- STRATUM GRANULOSUM

Back 189

1. 3-5 layers of cells that are alive, but organelles are degenerating
2. 2 Types of Granule-Producing cells:
a) keratinocytes
b) Lamellar bodies

Front 190

Epidermis- Strata Layers- Stratum Granulosum- KERATINOCYTES

Back 190

produce *kerataline granules*, which secrete keratin

Front 191

Epidermis- Strata Layers- Stratum Granulosum- LAMELLAR BODIES

Back 191

produce lamellated granules, which *secrete the glycolipid found in the stratum corneum*

Front 192

Epidermis- Strata Layers- STRATUM SPINOSUM

Back 192

1. has 5-7 layers of living cells
2. has melanin granules- produced in DEEPEST LAYER
3. has Langerhan's cells- immune system derived

Front 193

Where do Langerhan's cells migrate from?

Back 193

Bone marrow- they're "immune system derived", but are found in the stratum SPINOSUM

Front 194

Epidermis- Strata Layers- STRATUM BASALE

Back 194

1. deepest layer
2. made of ONE layer of rapidly dividing epithelial cells that migrate to more superficial layers
3. has *melanocytes* that produce the melanin found in the stratum spinosum
4. has structures called "Merckel discs"= touch receptors

Front 195

Melanin is made in the stratum ___a___ by ___b___; it then migrates to the stratum ___c___.

Back 195

a. basale
b. melanocytes
c. spinosum

Front 196

Waterproofing glycolipids are made in the stratum ___a___ by ___b___, then migrate to the stratum ___c____.

Back 196

a) stratum granulosum
b) lamellated granules
c) stratum corneum

Front 197

Keratin is made in the stratum ___a____ by ___b___, then migrates to the stratum ____c____.

Back 197

a) stratum granulosum
b) keratinocytes
c) corneum

Front 198

The Skin- Accessory Skin Structures

Back 198

1. Sweat glands
2. Sebaceous glands
3. Hair and hair follicles
4. Nails

Front 199

Accessory Skin Structures- Sweat Glands

Back 199

a. eccrine/merocrine
b. apocrine

Front 200

Accessory Skin Structures- Sweat Glands- APOCRINE

Back 200

1. less abundant, but larger than merocrine/eccrine
2. coiled secretory portion- (in dermis) has its releasing duct to open hair follicles- found in axillary and pubic regions

Front 201

Apocrine secretions contain ___a___ substances, which are ___b___ when secreted, but become ___c___ when bacteria acts upon them.

Back 201

a. organic
b. odorless
c. odiferous

Front 202

T/F:
Apocrine glands are not active in puberty.

Back 202

TRUE