A & P 1 Chap 1

Front 1

Anatomy-

Back 1

Study of Structure

Front 2

Physiology-

Back 2

Study of Function
--Largely a group of mechisms for maintaining homeostasis.

Front 3

Dissection-

Back 3

Carefully cutting and seperating the tissues of the human body in an effort to reveal their relationships

Front 4

How are cadeavers helpful?

Back 4

Dissecting dead human bodies are a way of training health science students about the human body

Front 5

Comparative Anatomy-

Back 5

The study of more than 1 species to learn generalization and evoluntionary trends

Front 6

Palpation-

Back 6

Feeling a structure with the fingertips

Front 7

Auscultation-

Back 7

Listening to the normal sounds made by the body

Front 8

Percussions-

Back 8

Tapping on the body and listening to the sounds for signs of abnormalities

Front 9

Subdivisions of Anatomy-



3 subdivisions: G.H.D= Girls Hate Dogs

Back 9

--Gross Anatomy- looking at a structure with the naked eye, either by surface observation or by dissection
--Histologic Anatomy- Study of cells, tissues, and organs observed w/ a microscope
--Developmental Anatomy- Development of an individual from fertilized egg to an adult form

Hint 9

3 subdivisions
G.H.D= Girls Hate Dogs

Front 10

Levels of Structure-



Small to Large:
A. M. C. T. O. O. O.- Aunt Marcy Came and Took Oliver Out for Oysters

Back 10

--Atom- building blocks of matter (ex. Na, Fe, Ca, Ag)
--Molecules- combination of 2 or more atoms (ex. H20, NaCl, protein, carbs, and lipids (fats))
--Cell- fundamental unit of living things
--Tissue- grp of cells of similar structure performing the same functions
--Organ- 2 or more different kinds of tissue (ex. stomach, spleen)
--Organ Sys- several organs w/ related functions (ex. digestive, nervous)
--Organism- All organ systems working together. Highest level of organization (ex. human being)

Hint 10

Small to Large
A. M. C. T. O. O. O.
Aunt Marcy Came and Took Oliver Out for Oysters

Front 11

Subdivisions of Physiology-




C. N. R. R. P- Never Cross RailRoads, People

Back 11

--Cytology- study of cells and how they function
--Neurophysiology- study of nerve function
--Pathophysiology- The study of unstable condition that result when out homeostatic controls fails
--Renal physiology- excretory sys and its activities
--Reproductive physiology- study of reproductive organs and the methods for reproduction

Hint 11

C. N. R. R. P
Never Cross RailRoads, People

Front 12

Histology-

Back 12

--Microscopic Anatomy
--Microscopic examination of the tissues of the body

Front 13

Organ Systems-

Back 13

Group of organs with a unique collective function.
--11 organ systems

Front 14

Name the Organ Sys-




MURDER LIINC

Back 14

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive and reproductive... and immune system

Hint 14

MURDER LIINC

Front 15

Organ-

Back 15

--Structure composed of 2 or more tissuestypes that work together to carrry out a common function
--Have anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable
--Tend to be organs with in organs.. a large organ visible to naked eye with smaller organ inside (i.e. skin w/hair, nails, glands, etc inside)

Front 16

Tissue-

Back 16

A mass of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a particular funciton
--4 primary tissues

Front 17

Primary Tisses Types-



E. C. M. N.- Chris Needs Music Education

Back 17

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular

Hint 17

E. C. M. N.
Chris Needs Music Education

Front 18

Cells-

Back 18

The smallest unit of organization that carry out all basic functions of life.
--Have at least 2 nucleus, composed mostly w/ plasma membrane, has organelles and w/in nucleus is DNA

Front 19

Organelles-

Back 19

Microscopic structures w/in the cell that carry out individual functions (i.e. mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes)

Front 20

Molecules-

Back 20

Make up organelles and other cellular strucutres
--Include large molecules like lipids, fats, DNA (macromolecules)
--Molecules are made up of at least 2 atoms; smallest particles in life w/unique properties/identities

Front 21

Reductionism-

Back 21

Theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components
--Essential to scientific thinking

Front 22

Holism-




'More that just the sum of all parts"

Back 22

Theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the separate parts' properties

Hint 22

'More that just the sum of all parts"

Front 23

Metabolism-

Back 23

The sum of all the internal chemical change
--2 classes: Anabolism and Catabolism
--Produces chemical waste

Front 24

Anabolism-

Back 24

When relatively complex molecules are made form simpler ones (i.e. protein synthesis)
--Energy-storing synthesis reactions
--Requires the input of energy
--Driven by the energy that catabolism releases
--Endergonic reactions

Front 25

Catabolism-

Back 25

When relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones (i.e. protein digestion)
--Energy-releasing decomposition reations
--break covalent bonds, release energy, producing smaller molecules
--Exergonic reactions

Front 26

Excretion-

Back 26

The separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimiation from the body

Front 27

Responsiveness-

Back 27

The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli
--Stimuli: changes in their enivronment
--This includes irritablility and excitbility
--Occurs at all levels of organization and it characterizes all living things
--Responsiveness and movement work together due to stimuli

Front 28

Development-

Back 28

Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism
--Includes Differentiation and Growth

Front 29

Differentiation-

Back 29

Transfomation of cells w/ no specialized function into cells that are commited to a particular task

Front 30

Growth-

Back 30

An increase in size
--Occurs through chemical change (metabolism)

Front 31

Reference Man-

Back 31

General values used as a reference for health young men
--Health male, 22 yrs old, weighting 154 lbs, living at a mean ambient (surrounding) temp of 20 C engaging in light activity and consuming 2,800 kcal daily.

Front 32

Reference Woman-

Back 32

General values used as a reference for health young woman
--Health female, 22 yrs old, weighting 128 lbs, living at a mean ambient (surrounding) temp of 20 C engaging in light activity and consuming 2,000 kcal daily.

Front 33

Homeostatsis-

Back 33

The ability to maintain a relatively internal stability, why the environment around the organism changes
--The human body has a way of returning to a state of equilibrium, self-restoration
--The loss of homeostatic control tends to result in illness or death

Front 34

Dynamic Equilibrium-

Back 34

The internal state of the body, in which there is a certain set point (average) for a given variable and conditions fluctuate aound this point

Front 35

Negative Feedback-

Back 35

A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanism that reverses it
--Key mechanism to homeostasis and maintaining health
--Feedback mechanism alter the orignal changes that trigger them, causing feedback loops

Front 36

Vasodiliation-

Back 36

Widening of blood vessels, as a heat-losing mechanism
--Causes warm blood to flow closer to the body surface and lose heat to the surrounding air
--If this doesn't work, sweating starts

Front 37

Vasoconstriction-

Back 37

Narrowing of blood vessels in the skin, which serves to retain warm blood deeper in the body and reduce heat loss
--If this doesn't work, shivering starts

Front 38

Feedback Loop-

Back 38

Feedback mechanisms that alter the original changes that triggered them
--Includes 3 components: Receptor- sense the change in body; Integrating (control) center- processes the info, relates it to other info and makes a decision; and Effector- carries out response to decision and fixes homeostasis

Front 39

Positive Feedback-

Back 39

Self-amplifying
--Physiological change leads to an even bigger change in the same direction
--Normal for producing rapid change
--Frequently can be harmful or life-threatening, by increasing an harmful reaction

Front 40

Radiography-

Back 40

X-rays
--high energy radiation
--can go through soft tissues
--absorbed by dense tissue (bone, teeth, tumors, TB nodules, etc) making them light up on films
--Commonly used in dentistry,mammography, diagnosis of fractures, and examination of the chest
--Disadvantage: overlapping organs can be confusing and slight differences in tissue may not be as visible

Front 41

Sonography-

Back 41

Handheld device held to skin that produces high-frequency ultrasound waves and receives signals back echoing off organs
--Commonly used in obstetrics
--Disadvantages: Not good for examinging bones or lungs, and does not produce a very sharp image

Front 42

Computed Tomography-

Back 42

CT Scan
--patient in ring-shaped machine while it emits lower frequency x-rays, and computer takes thin slice shots of the entire person for analysis
--Very little overlap of organs
--Useful in identifying tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemmorrhages, kidney stones, and other abnormalities

Front 43

Positron Emission Tomography-

Back 43

PET Scan
--Used to assess the metabolic state of a tissue and to distinguish which tissue are more active at a given moment
--Uses positron
--Give color images of tissue activities

Front 44

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Back 44

MRI
--Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
--Developed as a technique superior to CT scanning for visualizing soft tissues
--Uses large magnets to make a magnetic field 3,000 to 60,000 times larger thatn the earth's
--Can see clearly through the skull and spinal column to get images of the nerve tissue
--can distinguish between soft tissues