A & P 1 Ch 9 Joints

Front 1

Joint (articulation)

Back 1

Any point where two bones meet

Front 2

arthrology

arthro = joint

logy = study of

Back 2

The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

Front 3

kinesiology

kinesio = movement

logy = study of

Back 3

The study of musculoskeletal movement, a branch of biomechanics.

Front 4

biomechanics

Back 4

deals with a broad variety of movements and mechanical processes int the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing.

Front 5

Four major categories of joints

Back 5

bony

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

Front 6

bony joint (synostosis)

syn = together

ost= bone

osis = condition

Back 6

an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone.

Front 7

fibrous joint (synarthrosis or synarthroidal joint)

syn = together

arthr = joined

osis = condition

Back 7

a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other.

Front 8

What are the three kinds of fibrous joint?

Back 8

sutures: fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement.

gomphoses: fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement.

syndesmoses: the fibers are longer and the attached bones are more mobile.

Front 9

Sutures

Back 9

immobile or only slightly mobile fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other; they occur nowhere else.

classified as serrate, lap, and plane sutures.

Front 10

Three classifications of sutures

Back 10

serrate

lap

plane

Front 11

Serrate sutures

like dovetail joint in wood

Back 11

appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Serrate sutures are analogous to the dovetail wood joint.

examples: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid that border the parietal bones.

Front 12

Lap (squamous) sutures

Like a Miter joint in wood

Back 12

occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint in carpentry. On the surface, a lap suture appears as a relatively smooth (non serrated) line.

example: squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones.

Front 13

Plane (butt) sutures

Back 13

occur where two bones have straight non overlapping edges. The two bones merely border on each other, like two boards glued together in a butt joint.

represented by the inter maxillary suture in the roof of the mouth

Front 14

Gomphoses (fibrous joint)

gomph = nail, bolt

osis = condition

Back 14

the attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified as a gomphosis joint. The term refers to it similarity to a nail hammered into wood. The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament, which consists of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw into the dental tissue.

Front 15

Syndesmosis (fibrous joint)

syn= together

desm = band

osis = condition

Back 15

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. The separation between the bones and length of the fibers give these joints more mobility than a suture or gomphosis has.

Front 16

Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joint)

amphi = on all sides

arthr = joined

osis = condition

Back 16

Two bones are linked by cartilage

There are two types

Front 17

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Back 17

synchondrosis

symphyses

Front 18

synchondroses (cartilaginous joint)

syn = together

chondr = cartilage

osis = condition

Back 18

a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example is the temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate.

Front 19

symphyses

sym = together

physis = growth

Back 19

two bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

Example : the pubic symphysis, in which the right and left pubic bones are joined anteriorly by the cartilaginous interpubic disc.

Front 20

Synovial joint (diarthrosis or diarthrodal joint)

dia = separate, apart

arthr = joint

osis = condition

Back 20

The most familiar joint to people such as the elbow, knee, or knuckle. Many are freely mobile. Others, such as the joints between the wrist and ankle bones and between the articular processes of the vertebrae, have more limited mobility. The are the most structurally complex type of joint an dare the type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. The are the most important for such professionals as physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses, and fitness trainers to understand well.

Front 21

articular cartilage (in a synovial joint)

Back 21

A layer of hyaline cartilage usually 2 or 3mm thick, covering the facing surfaces of two bones of a synovial joint.

Front 22

joint (articular) cavity

Back 22

a narrow space that separates the facing surfaces of two bones in a synovial joint. These cavities contain a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid.

Front 23

synovial fluid

ovi = egg

Back 23

This fluid, for which the joint is named, is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous, slippery texture similar to raw egg whites. it nourishes the auricular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free.

Front 24

Joint (articular) capsule

Back 24

A connective tissue joint that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It has an outer fibrous capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones, and an inner, cellular synovial membrane.

Front 25

synovial membrane

Back 25

is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.

Front 26

articular disc

Back 26

In a few synovial joints, fibrocartilage grows inward from the joint capsule and forms a pad between the articulating bones, like in the temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joints. Also found between the ulna and carpal bones, where the pad crosses the entire joint capsule.

Front 27

Meniscus

men = moon, crescent

isc = little

Back 27

In the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do no entirely cross the joint. These cartilages absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, improve the fit between the bones, and stabilize the joint, reducing the chance of dislocation.

Front 28

What are accessory strutters associated with a synovial joint?

Back 28

tendons

ligaments

bursae

Front 29

Tendon

Back 29

a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. Often the most important structures in stabilizing a bone.

Front 30

Ligament

Back 30

a similar tissue that attaches one bone to another.

Front 31

bursa

bursa = purse

Back 31

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin. They fusion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls.

Front 32

Tendon (synovial) sheaths

Back 32

elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot. They enable tendons to move back and forth more freely in such tight spaces as the wrist and ankle.

Front 33

A lever

Back 33

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a rises point called the fulcrum.

Front 34

Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance (load) at some other point.

Back 34

in skeletal anatomy, the fulcrum is a joint; the effort is applied by a muscle; and the resistance can be an object against which the body is working (as in weight lifting), the weight of the limb itself, or the tension in an opposing muscle.

Front 35

Effort arm

Back 35

The portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort.

Front 36

resistance arm

Back 36

the part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance.

Front 37

What is the function of a lever?

Back 37

to produce a gain in the speed, distance, or force of a motion--either to exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever (for example, in moving a heavy object with a crowbar), or to move the resisting object farther or faster than the effort arm is moved (as in rowing a boat, where the blade of the oar moves much farther and faster than the handle).

Front 38

mechanical advantage (MA)

Back 38

the ratio of its output force to its input force.

If LE is the length of the effort arm and LR is the length of the resistance arm, MA = LE/LR. If MA is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force,, but less speed, than the force exerted on it. If MA is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.

Front 39

Most musculoskeletal levers operate with an MA much less than 1.

Back 39

TRUE

however, not all

Front 40

what are the basic components of a lever?

Back 40

Effort

Effort arm

Fulcrum

Resistance arm

Resistance (load)

Front 41

What are the three classes of levers?

Back 41

1. First-class lever

2. Second-class lever

3. third-class lever

These differ with respect to which component is in the middle--the fulcrum (F), effort (E), and resistance (R).

Front 42

First-class lever

Back 42

one with the fulcrum in the middle (EFR), such as a seesaw.

Front 43

Second-class lever

Back 43

has the resistance int eh middle (FRE), such as lifting a wheel barrow.

Front 44

third-class lever

Back 44

The effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF), such as paddling a canoe.

Front 45

Most musculoskeletal levers are third class.

Back 45

TRUE

Front 46

range of motion (ROM)

Back 46

the degrees through which a joint can move.

Front 47

What factors determine the ROM of a joint?

Back 47

Structure of he articular surfaces of the bones

Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules.

Action of the muscles and tendons.

Front 48

muscle tone

Back 48

resting muscle maintains a state of tension. This helps to stabilize a joint.

Front 49

degrees of freedom

Back 49

how many anatomical planes a joint can move through.

multiaxial joint can move through three planes

Front 50

monaxial and biaxial

Back 50

One degree of freedom (mono)

two degrees of freedom (bi)

Front 51

degrees of freedom are a factor used in classifying the synovial joints. What are the classes of synovial joints?

Back 51

Ball-and-socket joints

Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

Saddle joints

Plane (gliding) joints

Hinge joints

Pivot joints

Front 52

Ball-and-socket joints

Back 52

The shoulder and hip joints--the only multiracial joints in the body.

Front 53

Condylar (ellipsoid joints

Back 53

radiocarpal joint of the wrist and tmetacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers are examples. they move in the sagittal and frontal plane.

Front 54

Saddle joints

Back 54

Both bones have saddle shaped surface--concave in one direction and convex in the other.

example: trapeziometacarpal joint between the trapezium of the wrist and metacarpal I at the base of the thumb. The sternoclavicular joint.

Front 55

Plane (gliding) joints

Back 55

bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex. the adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement.

example: found between the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle, and the articular processes of the vertebrae.

Front 56

Hinge joints

Back 56

Those are essentially monacial joints, moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other, like a door hinge.

examples: elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints.

Front 57

Pivot joints

Back 57

These are monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.

two examples: the antlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae, and the radioulnar joint at the elbow.

Front 58

zero position

Back 58

When one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is said to be in its zero position. Joint movements can be described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it.

Front 59

Flexion

Back 59

a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane.

At the shoulder, it means to raise your arm as if pointing at something or to continue in that arc and point toward the sky. At the hip, it means to raise the thigh, for example to place your foot on the next higher step when ascending a flight of stairs.

Front 60

Extension

Back 60

a movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position--for example, straightening the elbow, wrist, or knee, or returning the arm or thigh back to zero position.

Front 61

hyperextension

Back 61

Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position.

Front 62

Abduction

ab = away

duc = to lead or carry

Back 62

the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Front 63

Adduction

ad = toward

duc = to lead or carry

Back 63

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline.

Front 64

hyperadduct

Back 64

example is stand with ankles crossed or cross your fingers

Front 65

hyperabkuct

Back 65

raise the arm high enough to cross slightly over the front or back of your head

Front 66

elevation

Back 66

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane.

Front 67

Depression

Back 67

lowers a body part in the same plan

Front 68

Protraction

Back 68

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane.

Front 69

Retraction

Back 69

posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Front 70

Circumduction

circum = around

duc = to carry, lead

Back 70

one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

Front 71

rotation

Back 71

In one sense, this term applies to any bone turning around a fixed axis. But in the terminology of specific joint movements, rotation is a movement in which a bone spins on its longitudal axis. Like turning your toes laterally and medially.

Front 72

Supination

Back 72

of the forearm, this is a movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward; in an anatomical position, the forearm is supinated and the radius is parallel to the ulna.

Front 73

Pronation

Back 73

The opposite of supination. Causing the anterior portion to face posteriorly or downward.

Front 74

Flexion of the vertebral column produces forward-bending movements, as in tilting the head forward or bending at the waist in a tow-touching exercise

Back 74

Extension of the vertebral column straightens the trunk or the neck, as in standing up to returning the head to a forward-looking (zero) position.

Front 75

Lateral flextion

Back 75

tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline

Front 76

Right rotation or left rotation

Back 76

Twisting at the waist or turning of the head when the chest or the face turns to the right or left of the forward-facing zero position.

Front 77

lateral excursion

Back 77

in chewing food, a side-to-side movement of the mandible

Front 78

medial excursion

Back 78

in chewing, movement of the mandible back to the median position (zero)

Front 79

Ulnar flexion

Back 79

tilts the hand toward the little finger

Front 80

radial flexion

Back 80

tilts the hand toward the thumb

Front 81

Opposition

Back 81

with the thumb, to move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other four fingers.

Front 82

Repostition

Back 82

with the thumb, to return to zero position.

Front 83

Dorsiflexion

Back 83

movement of the foot in which the toes are elevated, as one might do in applying toenail polish.

Front 84

Plantar flextion

Back 84

movement of the foot so the toes point downward, as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tiptoes.

Front 85

Inversion

Back 85

a foot movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other.

Front 86

eversion

Back 86

a movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other

Front 87

temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)

Back 87

the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Front 88

lateral ligament of TMJ

Back 88

prevents posterior displacement of the mandible.

Front 89

sphenomandibular ligament of TMJ

Back 89

on the medial side of eh joint extends from the sphenoid bone to the rams of the mandible.

Front 90

stylomandibular ligament

Back 90

extents from the styloid process to the angle of the mandible but is not part of the TMJ proper.

Front 91

glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

also shoulder joint

Back 91

is where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Front 92

glenoid labrum

labrum = lip

Back 92

a ring of fibrocartilage around the margin of the shoulder joint, making it somewhat deeper than it looks on a dried skeleton.

Front 93

The shoulder is stabilized mainly by the biceps brachia muscle on the anterior side of the arm.

Back 93

TRUE