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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are sensory receptors classified on?
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the basis of location and type of stimulation
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Name the types of location for sensory receptors
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Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors
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Exteroceptors
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stimulation arising outside of the body
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Interoceptors
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stimulation arising inside of the body
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Name the examples of exteroceptors
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touch, pain, and temperature
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Name some examples of interoceptors
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chemical messengers such as hormones and nutrient concentrations, stretching of tissues, and internal temperature
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Proprioceptors
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respond to internal stimuli
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Where are proprioceptors found?
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only in skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissue covering bones and muscle
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What do Proprioceptors do?
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advise the brain of body movements by monitoring stretch
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What controls knowing within your body that you are moving with your eyes closed?
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Proprioceptors
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Name the types of stimulus detected
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Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Baroreceptors, Nociceptors
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Mechanoreceptors
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touch, pressure, vibrations
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Thermoreceptors
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temperature
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Photoreceptors
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light
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Chemoreceptors
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smell, taste, blood chemistry
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Barorecptors
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blood receptors
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Nociceptors
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pain
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Name the 2 types of sensory receptors
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unencapsulated and unencapsulated
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Name the types of Unencapsulated sensory receptors
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Free dendritic endings, modified free dendritic endings, root hair plexus
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Where are Free dendritic endings found?
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found in most body tissues and most dense in connective tissues
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What type of cells are Modified free dendritic endings?
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Merkle Cells
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Where are Modified Free Dendritic Endings found?
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in the basal layers of the epidermis
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Name the types of Enscapulated
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Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles, Muscle Spindles, Golgi tendon organs, Joint Kinesthetic receptors
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Where are Meissner's corpuscles found?
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in the dermal papillae reigon of hairless skin
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Name some examples of Meissner's corpuscles
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nipples, external genitalia, finger tips, soles of feet, and eyelids
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What is another name for Meissner's corpuscles?
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Tactile Corpuscles
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What is Meissner's corpuscles used to sense?
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fine discrimative touch
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Where is Pacinian Corpuscles found?
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in the dermis and the subcutaneous layer of skin
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Name some examples of Pacinian Corpuscles
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periosteum, misinteries, soles of feet, nipples, and external genitalia
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What does Pacinian Corpuscles sense?
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Vibration and Pressure when it's first applied
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Where is Ruffini's Corpuscles located?
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deep in the dermis, hypodermis, and in the joint capsules
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What does Ruffinis Corpuscles sense?
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continuous pressure that is deep or a strech
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Where are muscle spindles found?
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throughout the perimysium of skeletal muscle fiber.
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What do Ruffinis Corpuscles sense?
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when a muscle stretches and then initiates a reflex to resist
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Where are Golgi Tendon Organs found?
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in tendons
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What do Golgi Tendon Organs sense?
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muscle contraction and tendon stretch and inhibits the muscle to relax
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What do Joint Kinesthetic receptors sense?
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mechanoreceptors and nociceptors detects joint capsule stretch and know joint position and motion
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What do nerves consist of?
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parallel bundles of axons enclosed by connective tissue and coverings
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Endoneurium
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surrounds indiviual axons
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Perineurium
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surrounds groups of fibers bound into bundles called fascicles
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Epineurium
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surrounds all the fascicles to form a single nerve
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Name the directions of transmission
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Mixed Nerves, Sensory Nerves, Motor Nerves
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Mixed Nerves
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contain both sensory and motor fibers and can transmit impulses to and away from the CNS.
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Sensory (afferent) nerves
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contain sensory fibers that carry impulses only towards the CNS
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Motor (efferent) nerves
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contain sensory fibers that carry impulses only away from the CNS
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When can regeneration occur in a nerve cell?
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only sometimes when the nerve is cut or compressed
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Wallerian Degeneration
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The axon and myelin sheath at the injured site will disintegrate
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How fast does an axon regenerate?
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1.5 mm a day
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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12
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What is the Olfactory nerve's function?
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smell
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What is the Optic nerve's function?
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vision
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What is the Oculomotor nerve's function?
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Movement of eyelid and eyeball, shape of lens, contracts pupil size
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What is the Trochlear nerve's function?
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Movement of eye by the superior oblique
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What is the Trigeninal nerve's function?
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Muscles of chewing, general sensation of touch, pain, & temp of the face, and sensory fibers from teeth and tongue
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What is the Abducen nerve's function?
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Eyeball movement by the lateral rectus
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What is the Facial nerve's function?
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Facial expressions, secretion of saliva and tears, and sensory function for taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
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What is the Vestibulocochlear nerve's function?
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Hearing and equilibrium
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What is the Glossopharyngeal nerve's function?
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Secretion of saliva, elevation of pharynx during swallowing, and taste
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What is the Vagus nerve's function?
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Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation of visceral organs and for the secretion of digestive fluids
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What is the Accessory nerve's function?
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Rotation of head and assists in swallowing
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What is the Hypoglossal nerve's function?
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Motor function of tongue for speech, swallowing, and chewing
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Branches
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structures passing through the intervertebral foramen
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Dorsal Root
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branch containing sensory fibers
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Ventral root
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branch containing motor fibers
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Dorsal Ramus
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deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
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Ventral Ramus
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muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the lateral and ventral trunk
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Meningeal Branch
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vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges
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Plexus
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intertwining of several ventral rami
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How many nerves are there in the cervical region?
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8
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Name the types of Cervical regional nerves
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Cervical Plexus and Brachial Plexus
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What type of nerves are Cervical plexus?
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cutaneous nerves that supply the skin
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Where do the Cervical Plexus innervate muscles?
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some on the anterior neck
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Phrenic Nerve
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the single most important cervical nerve that innervates the diaphragm for breathing
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Where are the Brachial plexus formed?
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from the intermixing of the cervical nerves C5-C8
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Where do the Brachial Plexus innervate muscles?
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the upper limbs
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Radial Nerve
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the largest branch of the brachial plexus
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What does the Radial Nerve produce?
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it produces elbow extension, forearm supination, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction
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Where is the Ulnar Nerve found?
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in the Brachial Plexus
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What does the Ulnar Nerve produce?
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produces wrist and finger flexion and adduction as well as abduction of the medial fingers
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How many nerves are there in the Thoracic reigon?
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12
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What does the Thoracic reigon form?
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intercostals nerves
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Intercoastal Nerves
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that give rise to many cutaneous branches and innervate the intercostals muscles for breathing
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How many Nerves are there in the Lumbar Reigon?
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5
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Where does the Lumbar reigon give rise to?
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from spinal nerves L1-L4
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Femoral Nerve
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the largest terminal nerve of the lumbar plexus
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What does the Femoral Nerve innervate?
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the anterior muscles of the thigh (thigh flexors and knee extensors)
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obturator nerve
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innervates the adductor muscles of the leg
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How many nerves are there in the sacral reigon?
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5
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What does the sacral plexus rise from?
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spinal nerves L4-S4
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sciatic nerve
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largest branch of the sacral plexus
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What does the Sciatic Nerve supply?
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supplies the entire lower limb (leg) except the anteromedial thigh
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What is the thickest and longest nerve in the body?
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sciatic nerve
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How many nerves are there in the Coccygeal Reigon?
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1
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What does the Coccygeal reigon innervate?
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Innervates the tailbone and the muscles and skin of the perineum
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reflex
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a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus
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Name the componets of reflex
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Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration Center, Motor Neuron, and Effector Cells
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Receptor
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site of the stimulus
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Sensory Neuron
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transmits afferent impulses to CNS
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Name the types of Integration Center
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Momosynaptic Reflex and Polysynaptic Reflex
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Monosynaptic Reflex
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single motor or sensory neuron
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Polysynaptic Reflex
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Multipule Interneurons
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motor Neurons
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conducts efferent impulses away from the CNS
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Effector Neurons
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Muscles or gland that responds to stimulus
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What are reflexes classified as?
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Somatic Reflexes and Autonomic reflexes
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Somatic Reflexes
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activate skeletal muscle
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Autonomic (visceral) reflexes
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activate cardiac and smooth muscles or glands
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