A & P 1 Ch. 12

Front 1

2 Types of Neural Tissue Cells

Back 1

Neurons
Neuroglia

Front 2

Cells that can send and receive signals

Back 2

Neurons

Front 3

Cells that support and protect neurons

Back 3

Neuroglia

Front 4

Neuroglia AKA

Back 4

glial cells

Front 5

2 Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

Back 5

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 6

System that consists of the spinal cord and brain

Back 6

Central Nervous System

Front 7

System that contains Neural Tissue, Connective Tissues & Blood Vessels

Back 7

Central Nervous System

Front 8

Functions of this system
processes and coordinates:
a) sensory data: from inside & outside body
b) Motor commands
c) higher functions of the brain

Back 8

Central Nervous System

Front 9

System which includes all neural tissue outside the CNS

Back 9

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 10

Functions of this System:
1) Deliver sensory info to CNS
2) Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues & systems

Back 10

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 11

Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels

Back 11

Nerves (peripheral nerves)

Front 12

These carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS

Back 12

Nerves

Front 13

Nerves which connect to brain

Back 13

cranial nerves

Front 14

Nerves which attach to spinal cord

Back 14

spinal nerves

Front 15

2 Functional Divisions of the PNS

Back 15

Afferent Division
Efferent Division

Front 16

Function of this division of the PNS:
carries sensory info from PNS receptors TO CNS

Back 16

Afferent Division

Front 17

Function of this division of the PNS:
Carries motor commands FROM CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Back 17

Efferent Division

Front 18

Afferent Division: These
a) detect changes or respond to stimuli
b) neurons and specialized cells
c)complex sensory organs (eg. eyes, ears)

Back 18

Receptors

Front 19

Afferent Division: These
a) respond to efferent signals
b) cells and organs

Back 19

Effectors

Front 20

2 Systems in the efferent division of the PNS

Back 20

1) Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
2) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Front 21

This PNS system controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)

Back 21

Somatic Nervous Stystem

Front 22

This PNS system:
controls subconscious actions: contractions of smooth/ cardiac muscle and glandular secretions

Back 22

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 23

2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Back 23

1) Sympathetic division
2) Parasympathetic Division

Front 24

This division of the Autonomic Nervous System has a stimulating effect.

Back 24

sympathetic division

Front 25

This division of the Autonomic Nervous System has a relaxing effect.

Back 25

parasympathetic division

Front 26

This type of neuron is common in the CNS

Back 26

multipolar neuron

Front 27

Name this Neuron

Back 27

Multipolar Neuron

Front 28

Type of neuron with:
a) cell body (soma)
b) short, branched dendrites
c) long, single axon

Back 28

multipolar neuron

Front 29

Location of these in neuron
a) large nucleus and nucleolus
b) perikaryon (cytoplasm)
c) mitochondria (produce ATP)
d) RER and ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)
e) Cytoskeleton

Back 29

Cell body

Front 30

This part of the neuron cell body is made of neurofilaments, neurotubules and neurofibrils.

Back 30

The cytoskeleton

Front 31

Bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

Back 31

Neurofibrils

Front 32

Provide support for dendrites and axon

Back 32

Neurofibrils

Front 33

Dense areas of RER & ribosomes that make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter)

Back 33

Nissl bodies

Front 34

This part of the neuron receives info from other neurons and is 80-90% of the neurons surface

Back 34

Dendritic spines

Front 35

Long part of neuron that carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

**critical to function

Back 35

Axon

Front 36

Structures of _________
a) axoplasm
b) axolemma
c) axon hillock
d) initial segment

Back 36

axon structures

Front 37

cytoplasm of the axon

Back 37

axoplasm

Front 38

These are located in which part of the neuron?
a) neurotubules
b) neurofibrils
c) enzymes
d) organelles

Back 38

axoplasm

Front 39

Specialized cell membrane which covers axoplasm

Back 39

axolemma

Front 40

Thick section of axon cell body which attaches initial segment

Back 40

axon hillock

Front 41

structure of axon which attaches to axon hillock

Back 41

initial segment

Front 42

Back 42

A) Dendritic Branches
B) Bissl Bodies (RER & free ribosomes)
C) Mitochondrion
D) Axon Hillock
E) Initial Segment of Axon
F) Golgi Apparatus
G) Neurofilament
H) Nucleus
I) Nucleolus
J) Dendrite

Front 43

Area where a neuron communicates w/ another cell

Back 43

synapse

Front 44

neuron that sends message

Back 44

presynaptic cell

Front 45

neuron that receives message

Back 45

postsynaptic cell

Front 46

the small gap that seperates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

Back 46

synaptic cleft

Front 47

expanded area of axon of the presynaptic neuron

Back 47

synaptic knob

Front 48

Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

Back 48

synaptic knob

Front 49

chemical messengers which
a) are released at presynaptic cleft
b) affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane
c) are broken down by enzymes
d) are reassembled at synaptic knob

Back 49

neurotransmitters

Front 50

2 Types of synapses

Back 50

1) neuromuscular junction
2) neuroglandular junction

Front 51

synapse between neuron and muscle

Back 51

neuromuscular junction

Front 52

synapse between neuron and gland

Back 52

neuroglandular junction

Front 53

Structures of a typical synapse

Back 53

A) Telodendrion
B) Synaptic Bulb
C) Mitochondrion
D) Synaptic Vesicles
E) Precynaptic membrane
F) Postsynaptic membrane
G) Synaptic Cleft
H) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 54

Four Structural Classifications of Neurons

Back 54

Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons

Front 55

Type of neuron found in brain and sense organs

Back 55

Anaxonic neurons

Front 56

Type of neuron found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing)

Back 56

Bipolar neurons

Front 57

Type of neuron found in sensory neurons of PNS

Back 57

Unipolar neurons

Front 58

Neurons common in the CNS and
Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons

Back 58

Multipolar neurons

Front 59

Name the neuron
Small
All cell processes look alike

Back 59

Anaxonic Neurons

Front 60

Name the Neuron
Are small
One dendrite, one axon

Back 60

Bipolar Neurons

Front 61

Name the Neuron
Have very long axons
Fused dendrites and axon
Cell body to one side

Back 61

Unipolar Neurons

Front 62

Name the Neuron
Have very long axons
Multiple dendrites, one axon

Back 62

Multipolar Neurons

Front 63

Name the Neuron

Back 63

Anaxonic
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

Front 64

3 Functional Classifications of Neurons

Back 64

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

Front 65

Functions of which type of Neuron
1) Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons)
2) Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)

Back 65

Sensory Neuron Functions

Front 66

Structures of which type of neuron

1) Unipolar
2) Cell bodies grouped in sensory ganglia
3) Processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS

Back 66

Sensory Neuron Structures

Front 67

Neuron that carries instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors Via efferent fibers (axons)

Back 67

Motor Neurons

Front 68

Two major efferent systems

Back 68

Somatic nervous system (SNS
Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)

Front 69

This efferent system includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

Back 69

Somatic nervous system

Front 70

This efferent system:
visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors (e.g., smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue)

Back 70

Autonomic (visceral) nervous system

Front 71

Most of these neurons are located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia between sensory and motor neurons

Back 71

Interneurons

Front 72

These neurons are responsible for:
1) distribution of sensory information
2) coordination of motor activity

Back 72

Interneurons

Front 73

These neurons are involved in higher functions
Memory, planning, learning

Back 73

Interneurons

Front 74

Half the volume of the nervous system is made of?

Back 74

Neuroglia

Front 75

Four Types of Neuroglia in the CNS

Back 75

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

Front 76

cells with highly branched processes; contact neuroglia directly

Back 76

Ependymal cells

Front 77

large cell bodies with many processes

Back 77

Astrocytes

Front 78

smaller cell bodies with fewer processes

Back 78

Oligodendrocytes

Front 79

smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes

Back 79

Microglia

Front 80

These neuroglia cells form epithelium called ependyma

Back 80

Ependymal cells

Front 81

These neuroglia cells Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain

Back 81

Ependymal cells

Front 82

These neuroglia cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 82

Ependymal cells

Front 83

These neuroglia cells have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF

Back 83

Ependymal cells

Front 84

These neuroglia cells monitor CSF

Back 84

Ependymal cells

Front 85

These neuroglia cells contain stem cells for repair

Back 85

Ependymal cells

Front 86

These neuroglia cells Maintain blood–brain barrier (isolates CNS)

Back 86

Astrocytes

Front 87

These neuroglia cells Create three-dimensional framework for CNS

Back 87

Astrocytes

Front 88

These neuroglia cells Repair damaged neural tissue

Back 88

Astrocytes

Front 89

These neuroglia cells Guide neuron development

Back 89

Astrocytes

Front 90

These neuroglia cells Control interstitial environment

Back 90

Astrocytes

Front 91

Processes contact other neuron cell bodies

Back 91

Oligodendrocytes

Front 92

These neuroglia cells Wrap around axons to form myelin she

Back 92

Oligodendrocytes

Front 93

Back 93

A) satellite cells
B) Schwann cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astrocytes
E) Microglia
F) Ependymal Cells

Front 94

Neuroglia in the CNS

Back 94

A) Central Canal
B) Ependymal Cells
C) Gray Matter

Front 95

Neuroglia in the CNS

Back 95

A) Gray Matter
B) Neurons
C) Microglial Cell
D) Central Canal
E) Ependymal Cells

Front 96

Oligodendrocyte feature which:
1) increases speed of action potentials
2) insulates "_____" axons
3) makes nerves appear white

Back 96

myelination

Front 97

myelinated segments of axon in Oligodendrocytes

Back 97

internodes

Front 98

Oligodendrocytes
gaps between internodes where axons may branch

Back 98

nodes (also called nodes of Ranvier)

Front 99

Schwann Cells and Peripheral Axons

Back 99

A) nucleus
B) axon hilock
C) Axon
D) myelynated internode
E) Axon
F) Axolemma
G) Myelin covering internode
H) nodes
I) initial segment (unmyelinated)
J) Schwann cell of nucleus
K) axon
L) neurilemma
M) dendrite
N) neurilemma
O) axon
P) myelin

Front 100

Type of Neuroglia in the CNS
Myelination
White matter
Gray matter

Back 100

Oligodendrocytes

Front 101

regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves

Back 101

White matter

Front 102

unmyelinated areas of CNS

Back 102

Gray matter

Front 103

Types of Neuroglia in the CNS
Migrate through neural tissue

Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

Back 103

Microglia

Front 104

Masses of neuron cell bodies surrounded by neuroglia
found in the PNS

Back 104

Ganglia

Front 105

Also called amphicytes

Back 105

Satellite cells

Front 106

Surround ganglia and regulate environment around neuron

Back 106

Satellite cells

Front 107

Also called neurilemmocytes

Back 107

Schwann cells

Front 108

Form myelin sheath (neurilemma) around peripheral axons

Back 108

Schwann cells

Front 109

____#____ Schwann cell sheaths ___#____ segment of axon and _________Schwann cells sheath entire axon

Back 109

1
1
many

Front 110

These cells perform all communication, information processing, and control functions of the nervous system

Back 110

neurons

Front 111

These cells preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue and are essential to survival and function of neurons

Back 111

Neuroglia

Front 112

All plasma (cell) membranes produce electrical signals by what?

Back 112

ion movements

Front 113

The transmembrane potential of resting cell

Back 113

Resting potential

Front 114

an electrical impulse

Back 114

Action potential

Front 115

Produced by graded potential

Back 115

Action potential

Front 116

Propagates along surface of axon to synapse

Back 116

Action potential

Front 117

Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane
Produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

Back 117

Synaptic activity

Front 118

Response (integration of stimuli) of postsynaptic cell

Back 118

Information processing

Front 119

Overview of Neural Activities

Back 119

A) Resting potential
B) graded potential
C) action potential
D) synaptic activity
E) information processing

Front 120

Three Requirements for Transmembrane Potential

Back 120

1) Concentration gradient of ions (Na+, K+)
2) Selectively permeable through channels
3) Maintains charge difference across membrane (resting potential –70 mV)

Front 121

2 types of Passive Forces Acting Across the Membrane

Back 121

Chemical gradients
Electrical gradients

Front 122

Name the gradient type
Concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)

Back 122

Chemical gradients

Front 123

Name the gradient type
Separate charges of positive and negative ions
Result in potential difference

Back 123

Electrical gradients

Front 124

Check summary table 12-1 slide 50 Ch. 12

Back 124

Check summary table 12-1 slide 50 Ch. 12

Front 125

What happens in response to temporary changes in membrane permeability resulting from opening or closing specific membrane channels

Back 125

Changes in Transmembrane Potential; Transmembrane potential rises or falls

Front 126

Channels that are always open permeability changes with conditions

Back 126

Passive channels (also called leak channels)

Front 127

Channels that open and close in response to stimuli
at resting potential, most of these channels are closed

Back 127

Active channels (also called gated channels)

Front 128

Three Classes of Gated Channels

Back 128

Chemically gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
Mechanically gated channels

Front 129

Channels that open in presence of specific chemicals (e.g., ACh) at a binding site found on neuron cell body and dendrites

Back 129

Chemically gated channels

Front 130

These channels:
1) respond to changes in transmembrane potential
2) Have activation gates (opens) and inactivation gates (closes)
3) Characteristic of excitable membrane
4) Found in neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolemma, cardiac muscle

Back 130

Voltage-gated channels

Front 131

These channels:
Respond to membrane distortion
Found in sensory receptors (touch, pressure, vibration)

Back 131

Mechanically gated channels

Front 132

Where are Chemically gated channels found?

Back 132

on neuron cell body and dendrites

Front 133

Where are Voltage-gated channels found?

Back 133

in neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolemma, cardiac muscle

Front 134

Where are Mechanically gated channels found?

Back 134

in sensory receptors (touch, pressure, vibration)

Front 135

Also called local potentials

Back 135

Graded Potentials

Front 136

Name the type of potential
Changes in transmembrane potential that cannot spread far from site of stimulation

Back 136

Graded Potentials

Front 137

Any stimulus that opens a gated channel produces what type of potential?

Back 137

graded potential

Front 138

Opening sodium channel produces graded potential:
resting membrane exposed to chemical
sodium channel opens
sodium ions enter the cell
transmembrane potential rises
What occurs?

Back 138

depolarization

Front 139

A shift in transmembrane potential toward
0 mV

Back 139

Depolarization

Front 140

Depolarization occurs when
movement of ______ through channel
produces _________
depolarizes nearby ___________ (graded potential)
change in potential is __________to stimulus

Back 140

Na+
local current
plasma membrane
proportional

Front 141

check slide 59 table 12-2

Back 141

check slide 59 table 12-2

Front 142

When the stimulus is removed, transmembrane potential returns to normal

Back 142

Repolarization

Front 143

Increasing the negativity of the resting potential
Result of opening a potassium channel
Opposite effect of opening a sodium channel
Positive ions move out, not into cell

Back 143

Hyperpolarization

Front 144

Back 144

A) depolarization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization

Front 145

Effects of graded potentials
1) At cell dendrites or cell bodies
2) At motor end plate

Back 145

1) trigger specific cell functions
2) releases ACh into synaptic cleft

Front 146

What is the All-or-none principle in Initiating Action Potential?

Back 146

1) Action potential is either triggered, or not
2) If a stimulus exceeds threshold amount:
the action potential is the same no matter how large the stimulus

Front 147

Four Steps in the Generation of Action Potentials

Back 147

Step 1: Depolarization to threshold
Step 2: Activation of Na+ channels
Step 3: Inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels
Step 4: Return to normal permeability

Front 148

During Step 2 (Activation of Na+ channels) of generation of action potentials, what happens?

Back 148

Rapid depolarization
Na+ ions rush into cytoplasm
Inner membrane changes from negative to positive

Front 149

How does Step 3 (Inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels) of generation of action potentials happen?

Back 149

At +30 mV
Inactivation gates close (Na+ channel inactivation)
K+ channels open
Repolarization begins

Front 150

In the Generation of Action Potentials, how does
Step 4: "Return to normal permeability" happen?

Back 150

K+ channels begin to close:
when membrane reaches normal resting potential (–70 mV)
K+ channels finish closing:
membrane is hyperpolarized to -90 mV
transmembrane potential returns to resting level:
action potential is over

Front 151

the amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following excitation

Back 151

refractory period

Front 152

Name the time period:
Sodium channels open or inactivated
No action potential possible

Back 152

Absolute refractory period

Front 153

Name this time period:
Membrane potential almost normal
Very large stimulus can initiate action potential

Back 153

Relative refractory period

Front 154

_____________ of Action Potentials
Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock
Along entire length of axon
A series of repeated actions, not passive flow

Back 154

Propagation of Action potentials

Front 155

Two methods of propagating action potentials

Back 155

1) Continuous propagation: unmyelinated axons
2) Saltatory propagation: myelinated axons

Front 156

Name the type of propagation

1) Action potential along myelinated axon
2) faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation
3) Myelin insulates axon, prevents continuous propagation
4) Local current “jumps” from node to node
5) Depolarization occurs only at nodes

Back 156

Saltatory Propagation

Front 157

Figure 12–16 Saltatory Propagation along a Myelinated Axon (Steps 1 and 2).

Back 157

Figure 12–16 Saltatory Propagation along a Myelinated Axon (Steps 1 and 2).

Front 158

What can effect action potential speed?

Larger equals what?

Back 158

Axon diameter

Larger diameter= lower resistance

Front 159

Any synapse that releases ACh is what type?

Back 159

Cholinergic Synapses

Front 160

4 Locations of Cholinergic Synapses

Back 160

1) All neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle fibers
2) Many synapses in CNS
3) All neuron-to-neuron synapses in PNS
4) All neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of ANS parasympathetic division

Front 161

Events at a Cholinergic Synapse
1) ______ arrives, depolarizes __________
2) ______ enter ________, trigger _________ of Ach
3) ACh binds to _____, depolarizes __________ membrane
4) AChE breaks ACh into _______and _________

Back 161

1) Action potential, synaptic knob
2) Calcium ions, synaptic knob, exocytosis
3) receptors, postsynaptic membrane
4) acetate, choline

Front 162

Figure 12–17 slides 80-83

Back 162

Figure 12–17 slides 80-83

Front 163

Other than acetylcholine, name 4 important Neurotransmitters

Back 163

Norepinephrine (NE)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)