A & P 1 Ch 11

Front 1

What is the function of the nervous system?

Back 1

Input, Integration, and Motor Output, and to maintain homeostasis

Front 2

What is the centeral nervous system composed of?

Back 2

the brain and the spinal cord

Front 3

What is the Peripheral Nervous System composed of?

Back 3

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Front 4

The Cranial and Spinal nerves are used for what?

Back 4

communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

Front 5

Name the divisions between PNS

Back 5

Sensory Divison and Motor Divison

Front 6

What is another name for Sensory Divison?

Back 6

Afferent

Front 7

Sensory Division conducts impulses from where?

Back 7

the sensory receptors to the CNS

Front 8

Where are sensory receptors found?

Back 8

within the somatic and visceral systems

Front 9

Somatic

Back 9

skin muscle joints

Front 10

What is another name for Motor Divison

Back 10

Efferent

Front 11

Motor Divison conducts impulses from where?

Back 11

there CNS to the effectors

Front 12

Name the divisions of Motor Divisions

Back 12

Somatic NS and Autonomic NS

Front 13

Somatic Nervous System

Back 13

voluntary system that conducts impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

Front 14

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 14

involuntary system that conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles smooth muscles and glands

Front 15

Sympathetic NS

Back 15

mobilizes the body durning emergency situations

Front 16

"fight or flight"

Back 16

Sympathetic NS

Front 17

Parasympathetic NS

Back 17

conserves energy and premotes non emergency functions

Front 18

"resting and digesting"

Back 18

Parasympathetic NS

Front 19

What is densly packed and intertwined?

Back 19

nervous tissue

Front 20

What is Nervous tissue composed of?

Back 20

neurons, neuroglial cells

Front 21

Name the different types of Neuroglial cells in the CNS

Back 21

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal

Front 22

What CNS neuroglial cell makes up half of all neural volume?

Back 22

Astrocytes

Front 23

What CNS neuroglial cell is star shaped?

Back 23

Astrocytes

Front 24

What CNS neuroglial cell possess numerous projections with bulbous ends that cling to neurons and capillaries therefore they serve as connections between neurons and blood/nutrient supply.

Back 24

Astrocytes

Front 25

What CNS neuroglial cell Controls chemical environment around neurons

Back 25

Astrocytes

Front 26

How do Astrocytes Control chemical environment around neurons?

Back 26

by buffering K+ in extracellular space or by recapturing neurotransmitters that were released in the synaptic clefts

Front 27

What CNS neuroglial cell has highly branched processes

Back 27

Microglia

Front 28

What CNS neuroglial cell is ovid shaped?

Back 28

Microglia

Front 29

What CNS neuroglial cells act as macrophages that engulf microbes and dead neural cells

Back 29

Microglia cells

Front 30

What CNS neuroglial has few processes?

Back 30

oligodendrocytes

Front 31

What CNS neuroglial cells line up along thicker neuron fibers in the CNS and wrap their extensions around nerve fibers (myelin sheaths)

Back 31

oligodendrocytes

Front 32

What CNS neuroglial cells Line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord, creating a barrier between the CNS cavities and the tissues surrounding the cavities

Back 32

ependmyal

Front 33

What CNS neuroglial cells have cilia circulate the cerebrospinal fluid within the cavities of the CNS

Back 33

ependmyal

Front 34

Name the neuroglial cells in the PNS

Back 34

Schwann and Satellite

Front 35

What PNS neuroglial cell Forms the myelin sheath around large nerve fibers

Back 35

Schwann

Front 36

What PNS neuroglial cell acts as phagocytic cells that engulf damaged or dying nerve cells

Back 36

Schwann

Front 37

What PNS neuroglial cell surrounds the nerve cell body

Back 37

Satellite

Front 38

What PNS neuroglial cell aids in controlling chemical environment about the neuron

Back 38

Satellite

Front 39

Name the characteristics of a neuron

Back 39

Excitable, longivity, high metabolic rate, large, amitotic

Front 40

Why do neurons have a high metabolic rate?

Back 40

because they cannot survive without O and Glucose

Front 41

Why are neurons amitotic?

Back 41

because they lose their ability to divide after they assume the role of communication lines

Front 42

What is another word for cell body?

Back 42

perikaryon or soma

Front 43

Where are most neuron cell bodies located?

Back 43

CNS

Front 44

Nuclei

Back 44

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Front 45

Ganglia

Back 45

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

Front 46

Nissl Bodies

Back 46

large numbers of rough ER within the cell bodies

Front 47

Tracts

Back 47

cellular processes in the CNS

Front 48

Nerves

Back 48

cellular processes in the PNS

Front 49

Name the parts of a neuron

Back 49

cell body and processes

Front 50

What posseses a large surface area?

Back 50

dendrites

Front 51

What do dendrites do?

Back 51

Receive chemical signals as well as conduct electrical signals towards the cell body

Front 52

Graded potentials

Back 52

electrical signals that dendrites receive

Front 53

How many axons are there in one neuron?

Back 53

one

Front 54

Collateral Axons

Back 54

axons that may branch extensively

Front 55

Where do axons transmit their impulses?

Back 55

away from the cell body toward the axon terminal

Front 56

axolemma

Back 56

The plasma membrane surrounding the axon

Front 57

axon hillock

Back 57

the area of the axon that the nerve impulse is generated

Front 58

What are nerve impulses generated by?

Back 58

axons only

Front 59

myelin sheath

Back 59

a nerve impulse is covered with a whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), that is segmented

Front 60

What does the myelin sheath do?

Back 60

protects and electrically insulates fibers from one another

Front 61

what is a Myelinated fiber's speed?

Back 61

fast

Front 62

Where is myelinated fiber formed?

Back 62

White matter of the nervous tissue

Front 63

What is the speed of Unmyelinated fibers?

Back 63

slow

Front 64

Where are Unmyelinated fibers formed?

Back 64

in grey matter of the nervous tissue

Front 65

Schwann cells form what?

Back 65

Myelin Sheaths

Front 66

neurilemma

Back 66

The exposed portion of the Schwann cell

Front 67

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 67

Gaps between each Schwann cell that aids in impulse transmission

Front 68

Name the structural classification of a neuron

Back 68

Multi-polar neurons, Bipolar neurons, Unipolar neuron

Front 69

Multi Polar Neurons

Back 69

three or more processes (many dendrites and a single axon) extending from the cell body

Front 70

Bi Polar Neurons

Back 70

two processes (one axon and one dendrite) extend from opposite sides of the cell body

Front 71

Unipolar Neurons

Back 71

one process extends form the cell body and forms a central and peripheral process

Front 72

What is the most common type of structural classifications of neurons?

Back 72

Multi-polar Neurons

Front 73

What is the major neuron type of CNS

Back 73

Multi-polar Neurons

Front 74

What is type of structural classifications of neurons is most rare in adults?

Back 74

Bipolar Neurons

Front 75

Where can bipolar neurons be found in an adult?

Back 75

in the retina and olfactory mucosa

Front 76

In a Unipolar Neuron, what is associated with the secretory region (output)?

Back 76

central process

Front 77

In a Unipolar Neuron, what is associated with the sensory region (input)?

Back 77

peripheral process

Front 78

Name the functional classification of a neuron

Back 78

Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Association neurons

Front 79

What do Sensory Neurons transmit?

Back 79

transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards the CNS

Front 80

What is another name for Sensory Neurons?

Back 80

(afferent)

Front 81

What is another name for Motor Neurons?

Back 81

(efferent)

Front 82

What is another name for Association Neurons?

Back 82

(interneurons)

Front 83

What kind of sturctural classification is found in Motor Neurons?

Back 83

Multipolar

Front 84

In Motor Neurons, where are the cell bodies found in multipolar neurons?

Back 84

CNS

Front 85

In Motor Neurons, what is formed in multipolar neurons?

Back 85

neuromuscular junctions with effector cells

Front 86

What do Association Neurons transmit?

Back 86

impulses within CNS (usually between sensory and motor)

Front 87

Where are Association Neurtons found?

Back 87

only in the CNS

Front 88

What structural classification is found in Association Neurons?

Back 88

mostly multi polar

Front 89

Association Neurons make up how much of all neurons?

Back 89

99%

Front 90

Passive Channels

Back 90

protein channels that are always open allowing certain ions to pass through

Front 91

What are Passive Channels responsible for?

Back 91

These gates are responsible for maintaining resting membrane potentials

Front 92

What is another name for Passive Channel?

Back 92

Leakage Channel

Front 93

Active Channel

Back 93

proteins channels that open and close in response to various signals

Front 94

What are the signals that open Active Channels?

Back 94

Chemically Gated ion channels and Voltage Gated ion Channels

Front 95

What is another name for Active Channels?

Back 95

Gated Channels

Front 96

Chemically Gated Ion Channel

Back 96

opens when the appropriate neurotransmitter (chemical) binds to the receptor site on the protein

Front 97

Voltage Gated Ion Channel

Back 97

open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

Front 98

Where are voltage gated ion channels found?

Back 98

not near the neurotransmitter but the axon helic

Front 99

when does Resting Membrane Potential only occur?

Back 99

the bulk solutions inside and outside the cell are electrically neutral

Front 100

In Resting Membrane Potential, what sides are K+ ,NA+, +, - ??

Back 100

NA and + are on the outside and K and - are on the inside

Front 101

Saltatory Conduction

Back 101

Myelin, quickly, on the myelinated nerves causes the local depolarization to jump to the next Node of Ranvier and then from node to node

Front 102

continuous conduction

Back 102

On unmyelinated nerves, local depolarizations must spread to sites immediately adjacent to each other; the process is slow

Front 103

Presynaptic Neuron

Back 103

The neuron conducting the impulse towards the synapse

Front 104

Postsynaptic Neuron

Back 104

The neuron transmitting the impulse away form the synapse

Front 105

How do presynaptic gaps and postsynaptic gaps communicate?

Back 105

Electrical and Chemical Synaps

Front 106

Electrical synapses

Back 106

where the cell membranes of the two neurons are actually connected by protein channels that allow ions from the presynaptic neuron to flow into the postsynaptic neuron so that the propagation of the action potential is continued in the next neuron

Front 107

Chemical synapses

Back 107

where a synaptic cleft is formed between the two neurons and the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Front 108

What type of synaps only uses voltage gated channels?

Back 108

Electrical

Front 109

Name the categories of neurotransmitters

Back 109

Acetylcholine, Biogenic amines, Amino acids, Peptides, Others not fully understood

Front 110

Name all the Biogenic Amines

Back 110

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine

Front 111

Name the Biogenic Amines that come from Tyrosine

Back 111

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Front 112

Name the Biogenic Amines that come from Tryptophan

Back 112

Serotonin

Front 113

Name the Biogenic Amines that come from histidine

Back 113

Histamine

Front 114

Name the Amino Acids

Back 114

GABA, Glutamate, Aspartate, Glycine

Front 115

What does GABA stand for?

Back 115

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Front 116

Name the Poly Peptides

Back 116

Endorphins and enkephalins, Somatostatin, Cholecystokinin

Front 117

Name the neurotransmitters that are not fully understood

Back 117

Carbon monoxide, Nitric oxide, ATP