A/p 1: Anatomy Of The Brain

Front 1

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Back 1

Central, Peripheral NS

Front 2

The CNS is composed of what two things?

Back 2

brain, and spinal cord

Front 3

The brain contains how many neurons?

Back 3

100 billion

Front 4

The PNS contains nerves that...?

Back 4

exit and enter the spinal cord

Front 5

The PNS is divided into what?

Back 5

Somatic, and Autonomic NS.

Front 6

The somatic NS is primarily involved with...(2)

Back 6

somatic sensation (touch, limb, movement, pain) and control of skeletal muscle

Front 7

*Somatic sensory nerves travel from where to where?

Back 7

peripheral tissues (skin, muscle, and joints) to the spinal cord

Front 8

*Motor nerves travel from where to where?

Back 8

spinal cord to skeletal muscles (to NMJ)

Front 9

The Somatic NS houses what two types of nerves?

Back 9

somatic sensory, and motor nerves

Front 10

The Autonomic NS is involved with maintenance of our internal environment, which is?

Back 10

control of BP, respiration, body temp

Front 11

The Autonomic NS has what two divisions within it?

Back 11

Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic NS

Front 12

What are the three anatomical divisions of the brain? (lowest to highest)

Back 12

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Front 13

The hindbrain contains what three structures?

Back 13

medulla, pons, cerebellum (attached to pons)

Front 14

What's another name for the midbrain?

Back 14

mesencephalon

Front 15

The forebrain contains what two sections?

Back 15

diencephalon, telencephalon

Front 16

The diencephalon contains what two structures?

Back 16

thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 17

The telencephalon contains what three areas?

Back 17

basal ganglia, regions associated with the limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Front 18

What is the group of structures within the telencephalon that are associated with the limbic system, and produces emotions, new memories and motivation? (3)

Back 18

amygdala (fear response), hippocampus (new memories), limbic cortex

Front 19

The cerebral cortex (makes up the bulk of telencephalon) contains what three sections

Back 19

motor cortex, somatic sensory cortex, and the association cortex

Front 20

The medulla contains ascending and descending nerve tracts aka?

Back 20

axon bundles

Front 21

*The medulla contians several important nuclei, what are nuclei?

Back 21

brain nuclei are dense clusters of neurons that are responsible for a specific function

Front 22

*What are two examples of brain nuclei in the medulla? (centers)

Back 22

cardiovascular, and respiratory centers

Front 23

*What is the name of the "blue area" in the pons which is an important nucleus of the pons?

Back 23

Locus Coeruleus

Front 24

*Within the locus ceruleus, a depletion of what neurotrnsmitter may play a role in depression?

Back 24

Norepinepherine

Front 25

The locus coeruleus, within the pons is in the dorsal/basal portion?

Back 25

dorsal

Front 26

The basal portion of the pons provides connections of the cerebral cortex and contralateral connections in the hemispheres of the cerebellum. What are these connections essential for?

Back 26

control of motor activities

Front 27

*Within the midbrain are two important nuclei, what are they?

Back 27

substantia nigra, red nucleus

Front 28

*Patients with Parkinson's disease show a degeneration of what kind of neurons?

Back 28

substantia nigra neurons within the midbrain

Front 29

*What important nucleus works closely with the cerebellum to control certain aspects of motor control?

Back 29

red nucleus within the midbrain

Front 30

The Reticular Formation recieves input from nearly all sensory/motor systems?

Back 30

sensory (pain, temp, touch, pressure, and sensory endings in the viscera)

Front 31

When activated by sensory input, the RF in turn projects neurons to what three areas?

Back 31

thalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Front 32

*The projection of neurons from the RF to the thalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex is referred to as?

Back 32

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Front 33

The RF also recieves input from where to generate thoughts, and motor activity?

Back 33

cerebral cortex

Front 34

What class of drugs can have depressant action on the RF, and may cause sleep?

Back 34

Barbituates

Front 35

Excessive activity in the RAS may trigger?

Back 35

generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

Front 36

Injury to the RF can cause?

Back 36

coma

Front 37

What is considered the "silent area" of the brain, meaning electrical excitation does not cause sensation or movement?

Back 37

cerebellum

Front 38

cerebellum injury can severely impair motor activities with/without muscle paralysis?

Back 38

without muscle paralysis

Front 39

The cerebellum coordinates skeletal muscle activity involved with...? (4)

Back 39

maintenance of equalibrium and posture, locomotion, and rapid nonstereotyped movements based on indv experience (typing, playing and instrument)

Front 40

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 40

to coordinate muscle activity involved with voluntary but NOT conscious movements

Front 41

Does the cerebellum initiate voluntary movements?

Back 41

NO-acts as a "behind the scenes" subconscious level

Front 42

What coordinates smooth movements such as touching a finger to nose?

Back 42

cerebellum

Front 43

What's another name for the forebrain?

Back 43

cerebrum

Front 44

What is the central core of the cerebrum?

Back 44

diencephalon

Front 45

The diencephalon contains what two structures?

Back 45

thalamus, and hypothalamus

Front 46

The thalamus makes up to 80% of diencephalon, and functions primarily as...?

Back 46

a "relay station" for signals traveling to the cerebral cortex

Front 47

The thalamus contains sensory, motor relay nuclei, or both?

Back 47

both

Front 48

This system recieves input from RF, and output is directed to most areas of the cerebral cortex?

Back 48

generalized thalamocortical system (GTS): within the thalamus

Front 49

Excessive activity in the GTS may cause...?

Back 49

absence (petit mal) seizure

Front 50

This is the principal regulator of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 50

hypothalamus

Front 51

The hypothalamus is the principal regulator of autonomic visceral functions such as...?(5)

Back 51

blood pressure, body temp, feeding, thirst, hormone secretion.

Front 52

Is the hypothalamus important in the production of emotions?

Back 52

yes; it's part of the limbic system

Front 53

The hypothalamus has important nuclei that function to monitor certain internal variables such as...? (3)

Back 53

plasma osmolality, body temp, body energy stores

Front 54

Output of the hypothalamus is directed to autonomic nuclei in...? (2)

Back 54

brain, pituitary gland

Front 55

The telencephalon is divided up into what?

Back 55

right and left hemispheres

Front 56

Basal ganglia are clusters of nerve cells that appear when in development?

Back 56

early

Front 57

*What are the two anatomic components of the basal ganglia?

Back 57

striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen) and the globus pallidus (pallidum)

Front 58

*What is the extrapyramidial motor system?

Back 58

Consists of the striatum receiving sensory input from the thalamus, motor input from the cerebral cortex, and sensory input from the sensory cortex.

Front 59

the striatum plays a role in the initiation of intentional/unintentional movements?

Back 59

intentional movements

Front 60

*altered activity in the striatum may cause akinesia. what is akinesia?

Back 60

impaired body movement; without movement (or much movement)

Front 61

*degenerative lesions of the striatum may cause what kind of movements?

Back 61

choreiform movements (jerky, purposeless movements)

Front 62

*What is an example of a hereditary disorder in which there is neuronal degeneration in the striatum?

Back 62

Huntington's chorea

Front 63

This is the highest part of brain?

Back 63

cerebral cortex

Front 64

This is the outermost layer of the brain and is arranged into gyri, and sulci?

Back 64

cerebral cortex

Front 65

*What are gyri, and sulci?

Back 65

Gyri=folds
Sulci=grooves

Front 66

The cerebral cortex makes up about ...% of brain weight, and contains about ...% of the neurons in the brain?

Back 66

40% of brain weight,
75% of the 100 Billion neurons

Front 67

The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, they are?

Back 67

occipital
temporal
parietal
frontal

Front 68

this lobe deals with hearing, language comprehension?

Back 68

temporal

Front 69

this lobe deals with somatic sensory (somesthetic) cortex?

Back 69

parietal

Front 70

this lobe deals with memory, behavior, and houses the motor cortex, also the LARGEST lobe?

Back 70

frontal

Front 71

*the majority of the human cortex is the ....... cortex, and has the "executive" activites of the brain, as well as individuality of behavior?

Back 71

Association Cortex

Front 72

do all lobes possess association cortex?

Back 72

yes

Front 73

*current information is integrated with past experience and emotion, allowing a person to think/make decision, this function is specific to areas of the?

Back 73

Prefrontal Cortex

Front 74

*This cortex is thought to monitor and control behavior, such as judgement and foresight?

Back 74

prefrontal cortex

Front 75

Stimulants can improve the function of the frontal lobe in this disorder?

Back 75

ADD

Front 76

*The right and left hemispheres are connected by the...?

Back 76

corpus callosum

Front 77

what is lateralization of function?

Back 77

control of language is usually localized in the dominant hemisphere

Front 78

*what is brain plasticity?

Back 78

damage to the dominant hemisphere early in life can shift control of language to the nondominant heisphere.

Front 79

the nondominant hemisphere is thought to be mainly reponsible for perception of....?

Back 79

spatial relationships

Front 80

*this is the key central component of the limbic system?

Back 80

hypothalamus

Front 81

this is important in the emotional response to threatening situations, including fear?

Back 81

Amygdala

Front 82

this structure is important in learning and memory?

Back 82

hippocampus

Front 83

what are the five structures of the forebrain associated with the limbic system?

Back 83

hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
septum
limbic cortex

Front 84

what seperates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe?

Back 84

central sulcus