A New Nation

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Proclamation of 1763

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Issued by King George III, creating a border disallowing colonists to cross a line drawn across the Appalachian mountains.

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Quartering Act

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Act passed by the parliament, enforcing that American colonists provide British soldiers with any accommodation needs. Including providing food for the soldiers.

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Stamp Act

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Required many printed materials in British America to be produced in England, and taxed. This met great resistance in British America, and raised the issue of taxation without representation, marking the end of salutary neglect and the beginning of America's discontent with Britain.

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Patrick Henry

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Led the opposition of the Stamp Act in 1765, regarded as one of the most influential speakers on Republicanism and is a Founding Father.

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Stamp Act Congress

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The first unified protest against British Tax, in which representatives from different states met in New York City to discuss the situation.

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Sons & Daughters of Liberty

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Sons: Organisation of male patriots originating in the pre-independence era to protect the rights of colonists.
Daughters: Patriot women who displayed their discontent with boycotting British goods and encouraging self-spinning of cotton.

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Writs of Assistance

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Written order issued by a court, instructing an official to perform a certain task.

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John Dickinson

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Militia officer during the American Revolution, among the wealthiest men in the British Colonies that was described as the "Penman of the Revolution"

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Samuel Adams

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One of the Founding Fathers of the United States, leader of the movement in Massachusetts that evolved into the American Revolution. Cousin to John Adams, one of the leading revolutionaries that contributed to American Republicanism.

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James Otis

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Lawyer in colonial Massachusetts that was an early advocate of Patriot views against British policies.

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Boston Massacre

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Death of five American men in Boston by the hand of British soldiers in result of ongoing tensions between the Americans and the British soldiers.

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Crispus Attacks

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American slave, that was the first man shot dead in the Boston Massacre.

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Committee of Correspondence

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Shadow governments organised by Patriot leaders on the eve of the American Revolution.

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Tea Act

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Implementation of tea to be solely bought from England in the US, and it carried a tax.

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Boston Tea Party

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Resistance movement by the Sons of Liberty in which they snuck onto British ships in the docks of Massachusetts and dumped all the tea into the sea.

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Intolerable Acts

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After the Boston Tea Party, Parliament issued the Intolerable Acts, stating that no revolutionary acts or speaking out against Parliament is allowed.

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Quebec Act

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After British Victory against the French, the British took over Quebec and implemented their own laws in Quebec, but allowed some French laws for private matters to coexist. By the removal of liberties of the Canadian people, Parliament was showing the power they hold against the Thirteen Colonies.

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John Locke

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Enlightenment thinker, that is regarded as one of the most influential. Came up with the idea that all humans have natural rights to life, liberty and pursuit of property, that was taken on by Americans and turned into the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

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First Continental Congress

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A congress meeting in Philadelphia of 12 delegates representing 12 colonies (Georgia was not present) early in the American Revolution in response to the Intolerable Acts.

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John Adams

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The Second President of the United States, and the first vice president of the United States, Adams was an incredibly influential republicanism activist.

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George Washington

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The First President of the United States and the recent Chief Commissioner of the Continental Army. Powerful spokesmen that contributed largely to the success of the war.

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John Jay

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Founding Father of the United States and signer of the Treaty of Paris. American statesman and diplomat and served as the President of the Continental Congress. He also wrote five of the Federalist papers alongside James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

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Economic Sanctions

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Used for domestic political gain in the US during the American Revolution.

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Paul Revere

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American silversmith and patriot in the American Revolution, most famous for alerting Colonial militia before the battles of Lexington & Concord.

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Minutemen

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Members of well-prepared militia sects that were prepared at any time to respond immediately to threats, hence the name.

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Lexington & Concord

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First outbreak of battle on American soil, in the Massachusetts towns of Lexington & Concord fought in April of 1775.

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Bunker Hill

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Took place in June of 1775 early in the American Revolution. British win, but the British lost 226 men, and 800 were wounded.

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Second Continental Congress

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Succession of the First Continental Congress that started meeting in the summer of 1775, after the warfare had already began.

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Thomas Paine

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Author or two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he was an inspiration for patriots.

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Common Sense

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Pamphlet inspiring Colonial America to fight the British regime for independence in 1776, written by Thomas Paine.

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Thomas Jefferson

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American Founding Father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, third president of the United States. Served in the Continental Congress in the early stages of the American Revolution, and served as a wartime Governor of Virginia. In May 1785, Jefferson became the US Minister in France.

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Patriots vs. Loyalists

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Patriots rooted for independence from British threshold. 1) Didn't want to pay taxes. 2) Didn't like British control over American ships. 3) Didn't like taxation without representation.

Loyalists: Wanted to keep on good terms with England, and were loyal to the King. They thought splitting with England would disintegrate society. They didn't like the idea of a democracy, as peasants would hold too much power, and they didn't want to leave politics to uneducated farmers.

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Valley Forge

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Six-month encampment of the Continental Army under George Washington a few miles from Philadelphia.

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Saratoga

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October 17, 1777 mass British army surrenders to the US, and general John Burgoyne had lost 86% of his troops.

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Yorktown

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Held by some British Troops under the jurisdiction of General Cornwallis, and American troops led by both Washington and Lafayette ended the British dreams of holding fort in Virginia until fresh supplies arrived from Britain. However the French Navy also kept British ships away from the docks of the Chesapeake. On that day, Cornwallis had to surrender 8,000 troops, largely harming the British war effort.

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Articles of Confederation

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First unanimous agreement of the Thirteen Colonies, and served as the first constitution, drafted by the Continental Congress.

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Unicameral Legislature

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One legislative house.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Disallowance of revenue through the means of taxes of the inhabitants of the United States.

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1787

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Year that the Northwest Ordinance was passed, defining America's territory.

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Shay's Rebellion

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Led by Daniel Shay, rebellion that opposed taxation in which fifteen hundred men stormed on military base in order to capture military storage.

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Molly Pitcher

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Nickname given to a woman that stormed the battlefields, and provided water for the fighting American men.

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Deborah Sampson

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Woman who disguised as a man in order to serve in the Continental Army.

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Abigail Adams

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Wife of John Adams who sent numerous letters to John Adams advising him on political matters. First Second Lady of United States.

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Constitutional Convention

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Meeting in which delegates representing different states met to create a new government after growing discontent with the Articles of Confederation.

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James Madison

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American statesman and fourth president of the United States. Father of Constitution and chief author of the Bill of Rights. Produced the Federalist Papers alongside John Jay and Alexander Hamilton.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Founding Father, promoter of Constitution, founder of nation's financial system and founder of the first American political party, the Federalist party.

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Virginia Plan

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Virginia Plan was the first proposed plan of the way the Constitution should be organised, stating the idea for a two-house legislature, lower house elected by the people and upper house elected by the lower house, representation in both houses proportional to property or population. An executive elected by Congress, national judiciary and congressional ability to veto state laws. Gave too much power to the centre, and diminished the freedom of state laws, and was reworked.

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New Jersey Plan

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Rework of the Virginia Plan. Called for two houses of Congress, both elected in proportion to population. Opposed by James Madison and Edmond Randolph, the leaders of the Virginia Plan.

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House of Representatives

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Called it's name stating the unicameral congress, which based it's representation on population.

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Senate

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Unicameral house basing it's representation equally across states.

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3/5 Compromise

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Voting rights to black american males would be given 3/5 of a vote to each one. Each black american male would be allowed the right to vote, but his/her vote counted for 3/5 of a vote. However, they could not vote themselves, their vote was under the jurisdiction of their house master.

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Electoral College

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House that elects the president and vice president every four years. Each state has the right to vote it's electors, and those electors vote on the decision.

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Federalists

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Men who pushed forward the need for the constitution. Believed a structured government would preclude a tyranny.

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Anti-Federalists

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Men who opposed the Constitution, believing that too much power was given to the central government and diminished state law freedom, and was simply too far away. Also were maddened by the idea of a lack of Bill of Rights.

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The Federalist Papers

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Papers written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay including 85 articles and essays proposing the ratification of the US Constitution.

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Bill of Rights

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Collective name for the first ten amendments of the US listing the freedoms of US inhabitants.

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The Amendments

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Amendments were changes to the Constitution that continued to be made as times changed and laws needed changing.