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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is the "top" law of the United States?
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The Constitution
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2. Why is this period called the Stone Age?
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Because of the tools made of stone
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3. Why is Kennewick Man of such great interest to anthropologists?
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Because he was different than other Native Americans
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4. Where is the Bering Strait?
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between Alaska and Siberia
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5. Why did the first humans cross the Bering Strait and who do historians think these people were?
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They were hunting animals, Indians
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6. Could you walk across the Bering Strait today?
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No
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7. What was the era called when the tools man used were stone?
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The Stone Age
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8. What is the Bronze Age and when did it occur?
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The Bronze Age refers to a period of time in prehistoric societies where metallurgy had advanced to the point of making bronze - an alloy of tin and copper - from natural ores between 3500 and 1200 BC.
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9. What is the most recent period in the three-age system in archeology for classifying human prehistory and when did it occur?
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Iron Age which began in the 12th century.
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10. What is an "ice blanket"?
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A glacier
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11. What was the time called when the northern lands were covered in ice?
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The Ice Age
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12. What does C.E. mean?
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the Common Era which we refer to as AD (in the year of our Lord)
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13. What does B.C.E. mean?
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Before the Common Era which we refer to as BC (before Christ)
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14. What is the difference between a gatherer and a farmer?
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Gatherers searched for their food farmers grew their food
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15. What were some of the New World crops that were unknown in the Old World?
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tomatoes
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16. What were some of the other products that American Indians developed that were later adopted by Europeans?
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Hammock, Canoe, Rubber, Snow shoes, lacrosse
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17. What significant, but very simple piece of technology did American Indians NOT use?
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Wheels
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18. Why did Columbus call the first Americans "Indians"?
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Because he thought they were from the Indies
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19. How did early Americans hunt animals?
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With their hands and on foot
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20. Why did mammoths become extinct?
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They didn't have enough food or water
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21. What animal changed the Indian lifestyle? How?
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horses, it made hunting easier
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22. What does current geological theory teach about how the Himalayan Mountains and Appalachian Mountains were formed?
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The Indian rammed Asia and formed the Himalayan mountains, The Appalachian mountains were formed the same way
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23. From where did the Eskimos come?
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Asia
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24. How did Eskimos get their name?
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The Indian's called them Eskimos and it stuck
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25. What is the name by which so-called Eskimos refer to themselves and what does it mean?
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Inuit "The People"
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26. Why is it important for Eskimos to eat raw meat?
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it helps them survive the cold
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27. What do Eskimos burn for light and for cooking?
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Blubber oil
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28. How do Eskimos travel from place to place?
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Kayaks and Dog sleds
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29. Atlatl
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A Type of knife that can be thrown
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30. tundra
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a place with no tree's and stays party frozen all year long
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31. How do scientists today determine that Indians living hundreds of years ago may have suffered from diseases such as arthritis?
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because they studied the bones, arthritis decays the joints
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32. What is the name of the people who lived in Mesa Verde, Colorado?
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Anasazi
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33. Where were the homes of the Anasazi built?
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In a Mesa
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34. What happened in 1276 that caused great difficulty to the Anasazi Indians?
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A drought
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35. What are kivas?
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Round rooms that are dug into the ground
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Why did the Anasazi abandon their original homes?
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Because there was no food for them to eat
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Why are the Pacific Northwest Indians considered wealthy?
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Because of all the food that was available
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What are some objects that Europeans use to fulfill functions similar to those the northwestern American Indians achieve through their totem poles?
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heraldic symbols, "family crests", tomb stones, carved tombs, fancy door ways, boundary markers, posters to make fun of other people
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How did life for the Indians in the Northwest differ from that of the Anasazi Indians?
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They had a lot of places to hunt game or fish
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40. What did totem poles symbolize?
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a family's power and rank
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How did wealth and power differ for the Indians of the North west compared to other Indian tribes?
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Other Indians were not as "wealthy" and did not care for things such as "slaves"
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what would we find unusual about potlatches?
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They have Feasting and they can go on for days
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What were steam huts in California used for?
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social halls and spiritual centers
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What is the relation between farming and government?
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farmers had more wealth and needed a government to protect them
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How many languages did North American Indians speak in the 15th century?
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250
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Who were the first Europeans to arrive in California?
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the spanish
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What river do some Indians call the "Father of Waters"? Why?
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the Mississippi, because it is the largest river in N.America
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What are the two largest branches of this river?
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Missouri river, Ohio river
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Vocabulary:
Totem Pole |
A wooden pole with faces carved in them
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50. Vocabulary:
potlatch |
A "fancy party"
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Vocabulary:
affluent |
"Wealthy"
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Whose job was it to put up and take down the Indian teepee?
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the indian woman
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What did the Plains Indians do with the buffalo they killed?
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they eat the meat then use the skins for houses, shoes, and clothes.
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Why did the Plains Indians think the buffalo were good for hunting?
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they are good to eat and rich in protein
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Why do you think some historians called the buffalo the Plains Indians' gold?
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because they depend on buffalo to live
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What things do the Spanish trade with the Indians?
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hoses and knives
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What and how do archaeologists learn about health from examining skeletons?
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They knew they had TB and other diseases by examining their bones and their teeth had cavities
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How did Woodland Indians build their mounds?
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with dirt
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Which U.S. president wanted to learn about these mounds?
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Thomas Jefferson
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60. What is the mound called that still exists in Ohio today?
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serpent mound
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What were slaves called in the Indian city of Cahokia?
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stinkards
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What did the mound builders use their mounds for?
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houses or a place to place their dead
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What role did grandmothers play in Iroquois society?
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They are the leaders of the family clans.
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How did the Woodlands Indians hunt deer?
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they disguised themselves as deer
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What kinds of crops did the Woodlands Indians grow?
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corn, beans, squash and pumpkins
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How did the Woodlands Indians get rid of trees to plant their fields?
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they cut off the bark with a process called girdling
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Which Indians did the Algonquian tribes consider their enemies?
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Iroquois
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What are wampum?
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Tiny shell beads
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How many nations comprised the Iroquois society?
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five
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70. What is one hypothesis for why Iroquois women were held in relatively high esteem?
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because the women do the farming and the food they get threw farming is how they get their food
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Did the Iroquois have majority rule?
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no, because they had to agree 100%
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What are Deganwidah and Hiawatha best know for?
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Deganwidah: he believed his son could bring peace to the indians
Hiawatha: for making peace with Tadodaho |
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What did Tadodaho do to Hiawatha's daughters and why?
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killed them, because he was enraged
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What did the Indians call North America?
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turtle island
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Describe succotash
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A bowl of mixed vegetables
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Vocabulary:
girdle |
a way to get rid of tree's
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Vocabulary:
sachem |
A representative of his tribe
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Vocabulary:
wampum |
Tiny shell beads
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Vocabulary:
confederacy |
each nation has its own laws and identity
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80. Vocabulary:
martilineal |
martilineal society the women are most powerful and the lineage is traced threw the women
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Who were the first Europeans to discover America?
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Bjarni Herjolfsson, Lief Erikkson
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How was America discovered by mistake?
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Wind blew him off coarse
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Who were the two Vikings sent to explore America?
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Leif and Thorvald Eriksson
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Who was the first white man to be killed by Indians and how was he killed?
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Thorvald, with bows and arrows
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What are some of the tools historians can use to learn about the past?
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archaeology, literature, anthropology, zoology
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How did printing technology change in the west when Johannes Gutenberg printed his Bible?
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he used a movable type-letter that can be used over and over
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Why did Prince Henry of Portugal want his sailors to go to China, Japan and India?
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because they were thought the most advanced civilizations and they had gold, jewels and spices.
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Why were Europeans trying to find another route to the Indies?
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The route through Turkey and the Middle East had become dangerous because of warfare and thieves.
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Why did Columbus believe the world was round?
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Because he read it was round in books
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What are the vertical and horizontal lines called that are drawn on maps?
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latitude and longitude
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Why are these lines on maps?
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to help find places and compare distances.
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What is the equator?
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its a line in the middle of the earth that is 0 degrees
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Which lines are parallel?
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lines of latitude
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What makes a line parallel?
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they are equal distance from each other and never touch
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Whose research did Christopher Columbus study that led him to believe the earth was smaller than it actually is?
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a Greek geographer named Ptolemy
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Which country (King and Queen) supported Columbus?
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Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain
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Lief Ericsson
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A Viking explorer
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Prince Henry of Portugal
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A navigator
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Erastosthenes
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Greek scientific writer, mathematician and poet who was the first man known to have calculated the Earth's circumference.
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Ptolemy
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a Greek Geographer, astronomer and mathematician who believed the Earth was the center of the universe.
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Define "runes"
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Ancient Norse alphabet
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Define "prey"
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something being hunted
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Define "renaissance"
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A cultural movement that spanned threw the 14th and 17th century
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Define "illuminate"...as in manuscripts
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A decorated manuscript
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Define "longitude"
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lines that are not parallel that encircle the earth north to south.
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Define "latitude"
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lines the are parallel
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Define "meridians"
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another name for lines of longitude
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Define "parallels"
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another name for lines of latitude
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What day did Columbus set sail from Spain?
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august 14th, 1492
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What did Columbus hope to bring back from Spain?
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Gold and spices
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Which product from America proved more valuable the the "Old World" than all the gold in both the Americas?
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Tobacco, sugar, cotton
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112. What are some of the products that Europeans gained for the "New World"?
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Corn, potatoes,tomatoes, peppers, chocolate, vanilla, tobacco, beans, pumpkin, cassava, avocado, peanuts, cashews, pineapple, blueberries, quinine, sunflowers, wild rice, squashes, marigold, petunias, turkey, sweet potatoes.
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What are some of the products that Europeans brought to the "New World"?
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potatoes, corn, peppers, beans, pumpkins, tomatoes
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In 1492, what was the most advanced civilization in the world?
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China
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115. Why does Ms. Hakim think that China was so advanced?
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Because they had better clothes and ships and they could feed everyone
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What was the first Spanish settlement in the Americas?
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crew from some of Columbus' ship
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What countries are on the island of Hispaniola today?
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Haiti and Dominican Republic
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How many ships and people went on the second trip with Columbus?
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four
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Why were Africans brought to America in 1503?
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to be sold as workers
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120. What did Columbus think South America was and why did he think that?
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Africa,
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121. What is the Sargasso Sea?
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An Area thick with seaweed
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What happened to Columbus's ships on his fourth voyage?
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worms ate holes in his ship
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Where did Columbus and his crew get marooned?
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Jamaica
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124. Which Italian sailed to America for England; therefore, giving England a claim to all of North America?
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John Cabot
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Which explorer "discovered" the Pacific Ocean?
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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Why is the strait near the tip of South America named the Strait of Magellan?
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Because Magellan sailed through it within 38 days to discover China.
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What mistaken idea did Magellan have that led him to believe that if he went west from Africa he would find a short-cut to the Spice Islands?
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He thought that the Pacific was calmer and much smaller then the atlantic
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How did Magellan die?
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he died in a battle with the enemies of the king of Cebu.
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How many ships and men were still alive when Magellan's voyage returned back to Spain?
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18 men and one battered ship
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How many years had the sailors been gone?
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three years
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After whom was America named?
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Why was it named after him when others had come to the land before him?
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A map maker named Waldseemuller named it and it stuck (because Amerigo had written about his travels so his name became associated with the New World)
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Who was the first Spaniard to see the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean?
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Columbus
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Who was the Portuguese navigator and explorer whose ships first sailed around the world?
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Magellan
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135. What religion did most people practice in 15th century Europe?
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Roman Catholic
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Who was Martin Luther?
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A man who started the Protestant church
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What happened during the Spanish inquisition?
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all Jews had to leave spain
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What did the Aztecs believe was their supreme God?
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Cortez
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139. What factors contribute to Cortez's success with the Aztecs?
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They thought he was Quetzalcoatl (a god) because he arrived in Mexico the exact day that prophecies said the god would arrive.
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What was most impressive about Tenochtitlan?
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it was big and filled with gold
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Why did the villagers help Cortez battle the Aztecs?
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They were scared of his power
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Who is the feathered serpent god of the Aztecs?
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Quetzalcoatl
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Who conquered the Aztec empire?
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Cortez
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What was the Aztec's capital city?
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Tenochtitlan
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Who was the Aztec ruler?
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Moctezuma
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Who was the Indian woman who learned Spanish and helped Cortez achieve his goals?
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Dona
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Who explored and settled in Puerto Rico, explored Bimini (Bahamas) and Florida while searching for the fountain of youth?
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Ponce de Leon
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Who conquered the Incan empire in Peru?
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Pizarro
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149. What are some of the reasons we know so little about the Incans' culture?
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Pizzaro melted all the gold and silver into bars.
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What happened to the Incan ruler, Atahualpa?
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He was Captured and killed by Pizarro
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What did Pizzaro do with all the gold Incan objects?
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He melted the Gold and silver into bars
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What killed most Mexican and Native American Indians?
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Diseases brought by Europeans and Africans to Mexico.
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What is a colony?
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A region controlled by a foreign country
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154. Why did Spain not colonize much land in North America?
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Not enough gold in the land
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155. What were the seven cities of Cibola?
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Hawikuh,
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156. Which explorers were sent by the Spanish governor of Mexico to find gold in Florida?
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Fray Morcus, Esteban and Cabeza de Vaca
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157. In the territories of what modern states did Coronado explore?
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Kansas, Arizona, New Mexico
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158. What were some of the hardships of Coronado's journey?
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Lack of food, sickness, heat and cold, fatigue, discouragement, quicksand, the Grand Canyon.
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159. Why were the Spaniards interested in Quivira?
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Because it was told to be built out of gold
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160. What did the Spaniards find when they got to Quivira?
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mud huts
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161. What are two reasons the European style of fighting did not work against the Indians?
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The Europeans like to form a line and charge the enemies, but the Indians hide and shoot them with arrows from behind trees. The terrain also makes it difficult to fight the European way - too many trees and swamps to march in a line.
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162. Was De Soto kind to the Indians?
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No.
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163. What Spanish explorer discovered the Grand Canyon and found that tales of the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola were false?
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Coronado
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164. What Spanish explorer went to Peru with Pizarro and then explored North America from Florida to Texas and helped convince the Spanish that North America wasn't worth the trouble.
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De Soto
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165. What was the first permanent colony in the North American West?
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Sante Fe
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166. What devastated the Indian population of the Southwest?
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Diseases brought from Europe and Africa
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167. What did Bartolome de Las Casas believe about the slavery of the Indians? Did he always have this opinion?
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He thought it was wrong and no
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168. What were the key arguments that Las Casas and Sepulveda used for their respective views?
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Sepulveda said that the Indians were as inferior as children were to adults. Las Casas said that the reason why Christians have destroyed/killed so many souls is because of their greed.
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169.Why didn't the colony in modern day Venezuela work the way Las Casas had planned?
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Because the Indians did not want to farm and attacked the settlement.
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170. What is amazing about the amount of land conquered by the Spaniards?
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The Spaniards conquered more territory in 30 years than the Romans did in 500 years.
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171. What probably would have happened if the Spaniards had found gold in North America?
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They would have made great cities.
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172. How did all the gold that was shipped back to Spain affect their economy?
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it made the taxes go up and inflation set in, Peasants also left for america
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173. What occurred that made the Inquisition suddenly powerful in Spain in the year 1492?
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He forced people to become catholic and if they didn't they would be killed
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174. How many years did the Spanish Inquisition last?
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over 300 years
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175. Who founded the province of New Mexico in 1598?
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Juan de Onate
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176. Who was the Dominican priest who spoke out for the American Indians against their Spanish overlords?
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Las Casa
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177. Who was the Spanish scholar that argued the case that enslavement of the American Indians was perfectly proper?
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Sepulveda
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178. What was the Inquisition?
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A Catholic court
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179. Why did the European Nations dislike Spain?
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Because Spain had all the power
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180. What was the name of the church King Henry VIII founded?
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Anglican church
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181. What was his motivation for hounding the church?
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He became angry with the Catholic church
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182. Why did people call Queen Mary, "Bloody Mary"?
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Because she killed so many Protestants
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183. Why were the people happy when Elizabeth became queen?
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Because she was Anglican
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184. From 1562 to 1598, how many civil wars were fought in France over religion?
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eighteen
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185. Why did England and France hire Italians to explore the New World?
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Because they were good explorers
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186. Who or what were Huguenots?
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They are Protestants
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187. What is the difference between pirates and privateers?
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Pirates stole gold and silver from other ships, Privateers has license to search ships and take what they want
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188. What three things was Pedro Menendez de Aviles to do in the New World for Spain?
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1. get rid of the French
2.build a fort to protect Spanish fleet 3.Explore La Florida |
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189. What is the significance of St. Augustine?
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It was the first permanent European settlement on the North America continent
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190. Who was the French man that explored New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and the St. Lawrence River?
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Giovanni da Verrazano
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191. Who was the French Protestant that established the first French colony in North America (Charlesfort in what is now S. Carolina)?
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Jean Ribaut
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192. Where did the French move after being beaten in battle in Florida?
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Far north
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193. which animal was almost hunted to extinction for its fur?
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beavers
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194.With which Indians were the French friendly and with whom were they not friendly?
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Friendly:Algonquin, Huron
Unfriendly:Iroquis |
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195. What important food group did Elizabethans ignore and why?
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Vegetables and because only the poor ate them
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196. How were people told to clean their teeth?
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to brush them with sugar
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197. Ms Hakim keeps stressing certain unique attributes of the land that would become America. She states, "English men and women would lose no rights when they moved to the new land." What rights does Ms Hakim especially mention in this chapter?
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They would be entitled to trial by jury and other English rights
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198. What were two dreams of Europeans who came to America?
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A dream of riches and a dream of new world
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199. What was the name of the book that described the island on which life was so close to perfect?
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Utopia
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200. Why did Sir Walter Raleigh name the territory Virginia?
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He named it after Queen Elizabeth. Who was also known as the Virgin Queen
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201. What happened to Raleigh's first attempt at colonizing America?
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They all got homesick and hungry so they went home
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202. What were the first three European colonies in North America, and when were they established?
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St. Augustine in 1565, Quebec in 1608, Santa Fe in 1610
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203. What advantages did the Indians have with their bows and arrows over the Europeans and their muskets?
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Arrows can go longer distances, are more accurate, 6x faster than a musket, and silent.
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204. What gave Europeans the advantage despite the inferiority of their muskets?
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They had a psychological advantage because both the Indians and the Europeans believed the muskets were superior.
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205. Where was the second colony called that Raleigh settled in 1587?
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Roanoke Island
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206. Why did John White go back to England?
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To look for his daughter and granddaughter
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207. What did John White find when he returned to Roanoke colony when he returned?
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He found C R O carved in a tree and The base deserted
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208. Why did Sir Francis Drake come to the New World - especially to the west coast?
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He was looking to take Spanish gold and the ships were unguarded on the West Coast.
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209. Why were the Spanish ships unguarded on the West coast?
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They thought that they were safe from privateers there. They didn't think English ships would be able to get there.
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210. How did England win the battle with the Spanish armada?
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They set old ships on fire and sent them into the Spanish armada
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211. How bad was the British defeat of the Spanish armada?
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20,000 Spaniards were killed and 63 Spanish ships were lost vs 100 British killed and no ships lost.
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212. Why is the defeat of the Spanish armada so significant in world history?
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It marked the beginning of the end of Spanish domination. Now France and England became the nations to watch.
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213. At the end of the 1500s, which parts of modern day North America had been settled?
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Florida, New Mexico, and New France (Canada)
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214. Who had great dreams for the Americas but they all failed, and helped fund the failed attempt to establish a colony at Roanoke Island?
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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215. Which British admiral circumnavigated the glove, played an important roll in defeating the Spanish Armada and was the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan Age?
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Sir Francis Drake
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216. Vocabulary:
isthmus |
its a narrow neck of land joining two larger landmasses
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