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76 Cards in this Set

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Match the term with its defining characteristics.

* also known as TQM.
* concept first used in manufacturing.
* overall philosophy of health care that focuses on patient satisfaction.
quality management (QM).

TQM (total quality management)
Match the term with its defining characteristics.

* based on observations of patients.
* committees review problems and recommend new ways of doing things.
* sometimes referred to as CQI.
quality improvement (QI).

CQI (continuous quality improvement)
Match the term with its defining characteristics.

* external auditors may be involved.
* nurses often involved in reviewing nursing.
* usually involves chart audits (reviews).
quality assurance (QA).
The primary purpose of the ANA's Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice is to:
assure the public that the nursing care they receive is competent care and that there are evaluation criteria for nursing activities.
The ANA's Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice provide:
direction and guidance for acceptable nursing practice as well as an evaluation framework.
Accreditation standards for health care facilities are quality control mechanisms used to:
assess, implement, and evaluate standards of care and nursing practice.
A benchmark is:
a standard or a point of reference used to measure or judge quality or value.
Nursing practice standards are considered:
benchmarks.
In nursing, a benchmark involves:
comparing one's own specific nursing practice against a best-practice standard.
The goal of health outcomes management is:
to improve the effectiveness, value, and costs of treatment services across the entire system of care in a facility.
Critical pathways are:
* one evaluation tool used for outcomes management.
* a day-to-day guideline and model for directing care that specifies the appropriate use and timing of interventions used by all disciplines in relation to the stage of the patient's recovery from illness or surgery.
Variance means:
a tendency to change.
Variance in relation to health care means:
anything that alters or changes a patient's progress through his normal critical path.
Variances can be positive or negative and are often based on:
DRG classifications.

(Diagnosis-related group)
Patient satisfaction is a type of health outcomes measurement that specifically measures:
feelings and emotions.
* a review of all health services and patient care provided in a facility.
* objective: to determine whether an organization's internal quality control system is in place and operating effectively.
* objective: to provide assurance to the public that established policies and procedures and applicable auditing standards are being followed.
* provided by peer review organizations.
peer review
* process that takes place after a problem in patient care has occurred or when potential risks that could lead to patient/staff injury are identified.
* attempts to minimize loss to individuals and the facility that may result from an error.
*program should include safety checks by members of maintenance department and nursing staff.
* program should include reviewing, appraising, and refining safety protocols and periodic in-service education for all staff on the topic of safety and risk reduction in the workplace.
risk management
Accident and incident reports are always filled out if:
patient, employee, or visitor is injured.

(cut, bruised, falls, etc...)
* a systematic study and investigation in some field of knowledge in order to discover or establish facts and principles.
* used to evaluate the practice of nursing and standard nursing practices.
* important for evaluating the effectiveness of both new and traditional nursing actions and for comparing them with other ways of providing care that might be more cost effective and ultimately result in better patient care.
research
List the steps of the research process.
1. Define problem.
2. Review literature.
3. Formulate research question and hypothesis.
4. Design research study.
5. Collect data.
6. Interpret data.
7. Draw conclusions.
Two primary nursing organizations that support and fund research related to nursing are:
* American Nurses Foundation.
* National Institute for Nursing Research.
Information management systems are:
systems used to gather, track, and manage data or information about patients.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* developed in the 1940s to meet WWII nursing shortages.
* licensing exam is the NCLEX-PN.
* these one-year programs train nurses at the technical level of proficiency.
LPN/LVN programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* based on the apprenticeship model of nursing.
* characterized by extensive clinical experience.
* first type of formal nursing education in the U.S.A.
* usually 2-year to 3-year hospital-based programs.
Diploma nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* conceived in the 1950s after research by Montag.
* most common type of basic nursing education.
* usually 2 years long.
Associate degree nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* basic undergraduate programs that take place in 4-year colleges or universities.
* usually first 2 years of these programs focus on liberal arts.
* graduates often serve as preceptors in clinical rotations.
* recommended by the ANA for entry into professional nursing practice.
Baccalaureate degree nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* graduates may be known as clinical nurse specialists or advance practice nurses.
* nurses usually pursue a clinical specialty in these programs.
* usually 2 years long.
Master's degree nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* prepare nurse researchers and educators.
Doctoral degree nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* based on skills and knowledge, associate degree nurses can enter these programs to earn a baccalaureate degree.
RN-to-BSN nursing programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* also known as ladder programs.
Articulation programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* these programs have grown due to computer technology and the need for flexibility.
* students arrange for their own clinical experience.
Distance learning programs.
Match the type of nursing education program with its identifying characteristic(s).

* these programs have grown due to computer technology and the need for flexibility.
* students arrange for their own clinical experience.
External degree programs.
* a credential that means that nurses who have clinical expertise and advanced knowledge in a specific area of nursing have passed a written exam and usually a performance exam in that subject area.
* granted through the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) and other specialty and professional groups.
* if credentialing exams are passed, nurses receive a certificate indicating recognition in their area of specialization.
certification.
* provides nursing schools with standards of accountability.
* voluntary and involves a regulatory process.
accreditation.
The two primary accrediting agencies for nursing schools are:
* National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC).
* Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE).

(Both agencies are accountable to the U.S. Department of Education)
The only undergraduate registered nursing programs that offer training in community health or public health nursing and enable graduates to work as public health nurses and as school nurses are:
baccalaureate programs.
* an occupation or vocation that requires specialized or advanced training and highly developed thinking and reasoning skills.
profession.
4 defining characteristics of the nursing profession are:
1. a unique body of knowledge.
2. specialized expertise.
3. autonomy.
4. service.
For nurses in the U.S.A., performance standards include:
* the NCLEX board examinations to attain professional licensure.
* standards of nurse practice acts from various states.
* continuing education requirements to maintain licensure.
Autonomy generally means that nurses:
are able to practice independently within the scope of their professional practice standards.
An example of nursing autonomy is:
the nursing diagnosis movement.
Nursing diagnosis is a:
patient classification system of diagnoses that are all amenable to nursing interventions.
* proposed a new role (nurse technician) be established.
* greatly influenced development of 2-year technical nursing programs in junior and community colleges.
Mildred Montag.
Associate degree graduates would be expected to:
function at the technical level of skill, giving direct care to patients in primary settings.

(i.e. hospitals and nursing homes)
Educational Competencies for Graduates of Associate Degree Nursing Programs identifies 3 primary roles expected of the associate degree nurse:
1. provider of care.
2. manager of care.
3. member within the discipline of nursing.
Educational Competencies for Graduates of Associate Degree Nursing Programs revised competencies that a graduate of an associate degree nursing program is expected to be able to demonstrate:
6 months after graduation.
The nursing competencies as expressed in Educational Competencies for Graduates of Associate Degree Nursing Programs are:
specific nursing behaviors and abilities that associate degree graduates would be expected to exhibit with the context of the 3 primary nursing roles.
Employers use competencies:
as standards to evaluate the work performance of employees.
Nursing schools often use competencies:
to develop their curriculums.
Match the primary role of the associate degree nurse with its defining characteristics.

* a high level of clinical expertise.
* uses nursing process for direct patient care.
care provider.
Match the primary role of the associate degree nurse with its defining characteristics.

* a charge nurse of a nursing unit.
* may delegate tasks to others.
care manager.
Match the primary role of the associate degree nurse with its defining characteristics.

* accountable to the profession's standards of practice.
* responsible for one's own professional growth and development.
member within the discipline.
The most common practice settings for AD (associate degree) nurses are:
* hospitals.
* long-term care facilities.
* clinics.
Health care workers can be prepared for workplace violence by:
knowing what the procedures in their place of employment are if actual or anticipated violence or physical or verbal abuse occurs.
2 levels of crisis intervention that AD nurses might be involved with are:
* primary care: given to promote mental health and to prevent crises and involves activities like teaching coping skills and helping a person assess and access personal and community resources.
* secondary care: given to meet immediate needs with interventions that might include administering medications to decrease anxiety.
Triage involves:
establishing priorities for treating individual cases.
Telephone triage usually involves:
* establishing rapport with the person who calls about ta health concern.
* interviewing and assessing.
* deciding what to do or say based on nursing judgment and preestablished protocols.
* offering advice.
* concluding the call.
* documenting the call.
* following up.
Nursing involvement in the process of organ donation and procurement may include:
* assessing the knowledge that patients and their families have about the procedures.
* being available to discuss any ethical issues with them.
* referring them to other personnel. (i.e. physicians, chaplains).
* supporting people through the decision-making process and providing written resources to help people make decisions.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* care plan often based on critical pathways.
* characteristic of public health settings.
* most recent type of health care delivery.
case management.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* characterized 19th-century nursing care.
* the home setting is the primary venue for this type of care.
* often not affordable for people of low income.
case method.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* a specific and specialized type of case management.
disease management.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* based on concepts used in industry.
* lack of time and resources often prompt this type of care.
* task oriented.
functional nursing.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* requires especially stable staffing.
* two health care personnel work together to meet needs.
partners-in-practice model.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* more autonomous nursing practice.
* one nurse is responsible for care planning from admission to discharge.
* related to the cultural revolution and individual rights.
primary care nursing.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* a response to the fragmentation of care and the post-WWII nursing shortage.
* characterized by health care workers working together under a team leader.
team nursing.
Match the organizational patterns of health care delivery with its defining characteristic(s):

* one nurse is assigned to a group of patients and is responsible for all of their needs.
total patient care.
* a concept based on the belief that nursing roles and responsibilities should be structured according to the level of education, clinical experience, and competencies of the nurse.
* for AD nurse: hospital or nursing home.
* for BSN: hospital or community.
* for master degree: hospital or independent primary care practice.
differentiated nursing practice.
* a model for the management of health care delivery, specifically with respect to decision making.
* staff nurses and those in management positions in a facility make decisions collaboratively.
* in-service education in hospitals often reflects this new model of health care management
* nurses in hospitals might be expected to attend all-day seminars on topics related to management, group dynamics, and financial issues.
shared or collaborative governance.
* Involves establishing priorities and setting limits.
* from the employer perspective, an essential part of cost containment.
time management.
* can include the assignment of patients and the delegation of tasks by the RN to other health care personnel.
resource management.


* nurses also need to be conscious of costs and to use resources wisely.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Charge nurse working on a nursing unit:
staff manager or team leader.
staff manager: often an associate degree RN.

The nurse who delegates is ultimately responsible for any tasks delegated.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Nurse helping an elderly patient understand patient rights:
advocate.
advocate: often an associate degree RN is advocate for patients, clients, and sometimes families.

advocate: someone who supports, speaks for, or pleads for another.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Nurse interpreting for a hearing-impaired patient:
advocate.
advocate: often an associate degree RN is advocate for patients, clients, and sometimes families.

advocate: someone who supports, speaks for, or pleads for another.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Nurse sharing information about a new well-researched treatment for decubitus care with colleagues:
change agent.
change agent: share the findings of evidence-based practice that might offer new and improved treatments for patients.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Nurse assigning patients and delegating tasks:
staff manager.
staff manager: often an associate degree RN.

The nurse who delegates is ultimately responsible for any tasks delegated.
Name the role that the nurse plays in the following situation:

Nurse giving direct patient care on an intensive care unit:
caregiver.
caregiver: may make decisions about interventions for patient care independently or collaboratively.