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346 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Children grow rapidly between ages __ and __ but less quickly than in infancy and toddlerhood
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3 and 6
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Both boys and girls typically grow __ to __ inches a year during early childhood and gaian __ to __ lbs annually
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they grow 2 to 3 inches a year during early childhood and gain 4 to 6 lbs annually
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use of fluoride and improved dental care have reduced that incidence of tooth dcay since the 1970 but disadvantage children still
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have more untreated cavities
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emotional maltreatment
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action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.
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To avoid excess weight and later cardiac problems, young children should:
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get less than 10% of their total fat from saturated fats.
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Permanent teeth begin to appear at about age:
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6.
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Young children catch on average __ to __colds per year.
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7 to 8
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What percentage of U.S. children live with smokers?
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between 40% and 50%
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__________objects: Objects used repeatedly by a child as bedtime companions.
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transitional
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Combinations of motor skills that permit increasingly complex activities.
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Action
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preference for using a particular hand.
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handedness
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About 74 precent of early death occure in poor, rural regions of sub sarharan Africa and South Asia where...
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nutritiuon is inadiquate, water is unsafe, and sanitary facilities are laking.
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Stages of are production, which appera to reflect brain decelopment and fine motor coordination are....
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the scribbling stage, shape stage, design stage, and pictorial stage.
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Handedness is usually evident by age
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3, reflecting dominance by one hemisphere of the brain
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Who named early childhood the preoperational stage
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jean Piaget
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What is the preoperational stage
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In piaget's theory, second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic
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preoperational last from approximately
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ages 2-7
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according to paget, children cannot think logically until the stage of
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concrete operations in middle childhood (chap 3)
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tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive
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animism
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autobiographical memory
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memory of specific events in one's own life.
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In Piaget's theory, tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
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centration
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Piaget's term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object
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conservation
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decenter
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In Piaget's terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.
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dual representation hypothesis
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proposal that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.
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egocentrism
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Piaget's term for inability to consider another person's point of view.
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emergent literacy
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preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.
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empathy
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ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what that person feels.
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episodic memory
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long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.
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fast mapping
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process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.
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generic memory
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memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.
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irreversibility
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Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.
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pragmatics
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the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.
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preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the second major stage of cognitive development (approximately from age 2 to age 7), in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not able to use logic.
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private speech
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talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate.
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recall
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ability to reproduce material from memory
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recognition
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ability to recognize a previously encountered stimulus.
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script
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general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated eventused, used to guide behavior
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social cognition
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ability to understand that others have mental states and to judge their feelings and intentions.
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social interaction model
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model, based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.
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social speech
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speech intended to be understood by a listener
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symbolic function
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In Piaget's terminology, ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.
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theory of mind
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awareness and understanding of mental processes.
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transduction
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Piaget's term for a preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship
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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-R)
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individual intelligence test for children ages 3 to 7, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
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Lindsey sees the moon in the sky and tells her mother that "Mr. Moon" is saying, "I want you to go to bed soon". Which immature aspect of preoperational thought does this exemplify?
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animism
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The last number-name used is the total number of items being counted. Which principle of counting is this?
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cardinality
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Piaget's term for the inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types is called:
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horizontal decalage.
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The view that grammatical development enables children to formulate concepts about certain states of mind is called:
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linguistic determinism
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Intelligence test scores of children in industrialized countries have:
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risen steadily since testing began.
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The zone of proximal development focuses on tasks that:
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children are almost ready to accomplish on their own.
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Egocentric communication, reading aloud, and inaudible muttering are types of:
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private speech
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Many children who speak late:
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eventually catch up
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children who attended compensatory preschool programs?
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Their overall performance does not equal the performance of middle-class children.
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preoperational stage: In Piaget's theory, the second major stage of cognitive development (approximately from age 2 to age 7), in which children become more sophisticated in their use of ________thought but are not yet able to use_______.
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symbolic or logic
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In Piaget's terminology, ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.
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symbolic function
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In Piaget's terminology, a limitation of preoperational thought that leads the child to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, often leading to illogical conclusions.
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centration
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In Piaget's terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation; characteristic of operational thought.
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decenter
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conservation: In Piaget's terminology, awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure (such as length, weight, or quantity) remain equal in the face of_________alteration (for example, a change in shape) so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.
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perceptual
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In Piaget's terminology, a limitation on preoperational thinking consisting of failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.
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irreversibility
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transduction: In Piaget's terminology, a preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically are relationship.
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causal
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In Piaget's terminology, inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of preoperational thought.
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egocentrism
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animism: Tendency to attribute______to objects that are not______.
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alive
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theory of mind: Awareness and understanding of mental
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processes
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pragmatics: The practical knowledge needed to use language for_________purposes.
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communicative
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_______speech: Speech intended to be understood by a listener.
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social
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Individual intelligence test used with children to measure memory,__________orientation,and practical judgment.
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spatial
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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised (WPPSI-R): Individual childhood intelligence test for children ages 3 to 7, which yields verbal and scores as well as a combined___________ score.
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performance
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Piaget's three-mountain task was designed to study _______.
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egocentrism
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The ability to plan and carry out a goal-directed mental activity is called:
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executive function.
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Most children have a script for going to a birthday party. T or F
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True
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An IQ score does not represent a fixed quantity of inborn intelligence. T or F
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True
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The realization that words are composed of distinct sounds is called
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phonemic awareness.
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Research supports lengthening the school year to increase competence in math and reading. T or F
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True
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Model based of Vygotsky Socialcultural theory, in which propose that children construct autobiographical memories through conservation with adults about shared memories
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Social interaction model
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Simon asks his mother about the elephants they saw on their trip to the circus several months earlier.
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Use of symbols,
Children do not need to be in sensorimotor contact with an object, person, or event in order to tink about it. |
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Rolf pretends that a slice of apple is a vacuum cleaner "vrooming" across the kitchen table
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Use of symbols,
children can imagine that objects or people have properties other than those they acually have. |
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Seeing a ball roll from behind a wall, Aneko looks behind the wall for the person who kicked the ball
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Understanding of cause and effect,
children realize thaqt events have causes |
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Antonio knows that his teacher is dressed up as a pirate but is still his teacher underneath the costume.
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understanding of identities,
Children are aware that superficial alterations for not change that nature of things. |
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Rosa sorts that pine cones she collected on a nature walk into two piles according to their size: bis and little.
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Ability to classify,
children organize object, people, and events into meaningful categories. |
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Lindsay shares some candy with her friends counting to make sure that each girl gets the same amount
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understanding of numbers,
children can count and edeal with quantities. |
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Emilio tries to comfort his friend when he sees that his friend is upset.
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Empathym,
children become more able to imaging how others might feel. |
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Blanca wants to save some cookis for herslf, so she hides them from her brother in a pasta box. she knows her cookies will be safe there because her brother will not look in a place where he doesn't expect to find cookies.
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Chilren become more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind
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Timothy teases his younger sister that he has more juice that she does because his juice box has been poured into a tall, skinny glass, but her has been poured into a short wide glass.
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Centration: inability to decenter,
Children focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. |
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Timothy does not realize that the juice in each glass can be poured back into the juice box from which it came, contradicting his claim that he has more than his sister.
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irreversibility:
child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions. |
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In the conservation task, Timothy does not understand that transforming the shape of a liquid does not change the amount
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Focus on tstates rather than transformation,
Children fail to understand that significance of the transformation between situation |
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Sarah was mean to her brother. Then her brother got sick, Sarah concludes that she made her brother sick.
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Transductive reasoning,
Children do not us deductive or inductive reasoning; sistead they jump form one particulr to another and see cause where none exists |
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Kara doesn't realize that she needs to turn a book around so that her fathert can see the picture she is asking him to explain toher. instead she holds the book directly in front of her where only she can see it.
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Egocentrism,
Children assume everyone else thinks, perceives, and feels as they do. |
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Amanda says that spring is trying to come but winter is saying, "I won't go! I won't go!"
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Animism,
Children attribute life to objects not alive. |
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Cortney is confused by a sponge made to look like a rock, She states that it looks like a rock and it really is a rock.
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Inability to distinguish appearance from reality,
Children confuse what is really with outward appearance. |
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infromation-processing theorists think a memory as a filling system that has tree steps or processes:
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encoding, storage, and retrieval.
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process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval
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encoding
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Retention of memories for future use.
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storage
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process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory
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retrieval
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Information-processing models depict the brain as containing three store houses:
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Sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory
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Initial, brief temporary storage of sensory information
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Sensory memory
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Working memory
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Short-term storage of information being actively processed
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Storage of vitually unlimited capacity that holds information for very long periods
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Lon-term memory
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____ and _____ are types of retrieval
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recognition and recall
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Forming childhood memories through ____, ____, and _____.
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Generic memory, which produces a script, epicsodic memory, and autobiographical memory
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At 3 the average child knows and can use ____ to ____ words
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900 to 1,000 words
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By age 6, a child typically has an expressive speaking vocabulary of _____ word and understand more than ______.
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2,600, smf 20,000
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With the help of formal schooling a child's passive or receptive, Volcabulary will quadruple to _____ words
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80,000
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altruism
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behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward.
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authoritarian
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Baumrind's term for parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.
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authoritative
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Baumrind's terms for parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.
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constructive play
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in Piaget's and Smilansky's terminology, the second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something.
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corporal punishment
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use of physical force with the intention of causing pain, but not injury, to correct or control behavior.
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discipline
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methods of molding children's character and of teaching them self-control and acceptable behavior.
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functional play
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in Piaget's and Smilansky's terminology, the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements.
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gender constancy
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awareness that one will always be male or female. Also called sex-category constancy.
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gender identity
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awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
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gender roles
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behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or for females.
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gender stereotypes
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preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.
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gender-schema theory
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theory, proposed by Bern, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
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gender-typing
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socialization process by which children learn appropriate gender roles.
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hostile aggression
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aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person.
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ideal self
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the self one would like to be
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identification
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in Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.
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inductive techniques
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disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.
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initiative versus guilt
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Erikson's third crisis in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.
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instrumental aggression
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aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.
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overt aggression
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aggression that is openly directed at it target.
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permissive
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Baumrind's term for parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.
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power assertion
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disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
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pretend play
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in Piaget's and Smilansky's terminology, the third cognitive level of play, involving imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play.
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prosocial behavior
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any voluntary behavior intended to help others.
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real self
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the self one actually is.
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relational aggression
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aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being; also called covert, indirect, or psychological aggression.
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representational mappings
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in neo-Piagetian terminology, the second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.
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self-concept
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sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.
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self-definition
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cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.
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single representations
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in neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.
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self-efficacy
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sense of capability to master challenges and achieve goals.
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self-esteem
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Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.
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social cognitive theory
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Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.
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withdrawal of love
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disciplinary strategy that may involve ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
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The awareness of one's femaleness or maleness and all it implies in a particular society is called:
|
gender identity.
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Perspective of gender development includes the belief that gender-typing is a result of interpretation, evaluation, and internalization of society standards?
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socialization approach
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What type of play involves symbolic function and emerges near the end of the sensorimotor stage?
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pretend play
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According to Parten's categories of play, the least social category is:
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unoccupied behavior
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Shaking a child is an example of:
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corporal punishment
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_____ parents are more detached and less warm than other parents.
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Authoritarian
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in regards to prosocial behavior?
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Motives for prosocial behavior become more egocentric as children grow older.
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Boys tend to engage in _____ aggression
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overt
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In comparison to children with siblings, the only child is:
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more intelligent.
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Popular preschoolers:
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avoid conflict.
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self_________: Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.
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concept
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______versus_______: In Erikson's theory, the third crisis in psychosocial development, occurring between the ages of 3 and 6, in which children must balance the urge to pursue goals with the moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.
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guilt or initiative
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Girls have greater neuronal density in the _______ than boys
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brain
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On intelligence tests, females tend to do better than males on.....
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mathematical computation tasks.
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A ________ is a mentally organized network of information that influences a wide variety of behaviors.
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schema
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Preschoolers choose playmate and friends who are .....
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like them and with whom they have positive experience.
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acute medical conditions
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illnesses that last a short time
|
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asthma
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a chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing.
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body image
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descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance.
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chronic medical conditions
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illnesses or impairments that persist for at least 3 months.
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rough-and-tumble play
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vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming.
|
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stuttering
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involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllabus.
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School age children gain about _____ pounds per year.
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5 - 8
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_______children grow faster than white children.
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African American
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On average, school children need approximately _____ calories every day.
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2400
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Much of the improvement in children's dental health is attributed to:
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the use of adhesive sealants.
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Girls are more likely to be overweight than boys.
T or F |
True
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chronically obese children?
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They miss more school than their peers.
They are at risk for behavior problems. They commonly have medical problems. |
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Girls can throw a small ball 40 feet at age___.
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At age 6:
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Research has found that the more time children spend watching TV, the more likely they are to:
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feel anxious at bedtime.
|
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stuttering
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It is more common in boys.
It runs in families. It is an involuntary behavior. It is not a lifelong condition. |
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Medical experts recommend extreme caution in prescribing growth hormone except....
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as a replacement for natural hormone.
|
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Permanent teeth appear at a rate of about ______ teeth per year.
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four teeth per year.
|
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_______ is a brain protein which seems to help regulate body fat.
|
Leptin
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Boys around the world participate in rough-and-tumble play more than girls do. T or F
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True
|
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The death rate in middle childhood is the ______ in the lifespan.
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lowest
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About ____ percent of schoolchildren's play, especially among boys, is rough and tumble play.
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10
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acceleration
|
approach to educating the gifted, which moves them through a curriculum at an unusually rapid place.
|
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achievement tests
|
tests that assess how much children know in various subject areas.
|
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aptitude tests
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tests that measure children's general intelligence, or capacity to learn.
|
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
|
syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity.
|
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bilingual
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fluent in two languages.
|
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bilingual education
|
system of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English, and later switching to all-English instruction.
|
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bullying
|
aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable and defenseless.
|
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central executive
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in Baddeley's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information.
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class inclusion
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understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts.
|
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componential element
|
Sternberg's term for the analytic aspect of intelligence.
|
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concrete operations
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third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately from ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.
|
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contextual element
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Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.
|
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convergent thinking
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thinking aimed at finding the one "right" answer to a problem.
|
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cultural bias
|
tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than to others.
|
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culture-fair
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describing an intelligence test that deals with experiences common to various cultures, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias.
|
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culture-free
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describing an intelligence test that, if it were possible to design, would have no culturally linked content.
|
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deductive reasoning
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type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.
|
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divergent thinking
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thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.
|
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dyslexia
|
developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.
|
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elaboration
|
mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered.
|
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encoding
|
process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.
|
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English-immersion
|
approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.
|
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enrichment
|
approach to educating the gifted, which broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring.
|
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experiential element
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Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.
|
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external memory aids
|
mnemonic strategies using something outside the person.
|
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generalized anxiety disorder
|
anxiety not focused on any single target.
|
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horizontal d‚calage
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Piaget's term for inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages.
|
|
inductive reasoning
|
type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.
|
|
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)
|
Nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities.
|
|
learning disabilities (LDs)
|
disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement.
|
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metacognition
|
awareness of a person's own mental processes.
|
|
metamemory
|
understanding of processes of memory.
|
|
mnemonic strategies
|
techniques to aid memory.
|
|
morality of constraint
|
first of Piaget's two stages of moral development, characterized by rigid, egocentric judgments.
|
|
morality of cooperation
|
second of Piaget's two stages of moral development, characterized by flexible judgments and formation of one's own moral code.
|
|
Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
|
group intelligence test for kindergarten through twelfth grade.
|
|
self-fulfilling prophecy
|
false expectation or prediction of behavior that tends to come true because it leads people to act as if it already were true.
|
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seriation
|
ability to order items along a dimension.
|
|
social promotion
|
policy in which children are automatically promoted from one grade to another even if they do not meet academic standards for the grade they are completing.
|
|
Sternberg Triarchic abilities test (STAT)
|
test to measure componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence.
|
|
theory of multiple intelligences
|
Gardner's theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence.
|
|
transitive inference
|
understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third party.
|
|
triarchic theory of intelligence
|
Sternbreg's theory describing three types of intelligence: componential (analytical ability). experiential (insight and originality), and contextual (practical thinking).
|
|
two-way (dual-language) learning
|
approach to second-language education in which English speakers and on-English speakers learn together in their own and each other's languages.
|
|
working memory
|
short-term storage of information being actively processed.
|
|
Andrea can use a map to help her search for a hidden object. What cognitive ability has she acquired?
|
spatial thinking
|
|
The ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts is called:
|
class inclusion.
|
|
Alan makes a list of items he must take to school in the morning. Which mnemonic strategy is he using?
|
external memory aid
|
|
Students who are high in self-efficacy do not:
|
become frustrated easily.
|
|
Boys from low-income families benefit academically. T or F
|
True
|
|
Children with ADHD are more likely to:
|
forget their responsibilities.
|
|
Tests of creativity require:
|
divergent thinking.
|
|
The Torrance Tests are fairly reliable, but there is little evidence that they are valid. True or False
|
True
|
|
A child from about age ___ to ___is in the stage of concrete operations.
|
7 to 12
|
|
Danielle can use a map or model to help her search for hidden object and can give someoene else direction for finding the object...
|
spatial thinking
|
|
Douglas knows which physical attribute of object on each side of a balance scale will affect the result.
|
Cause and effect
|
|
Elena can sort object into categories, such as shape, color or both. She kinows that a subclass (rose)has fewer members than the class of which it is a part (flower)
|
Classification
|
|
Caterin can arrange a group of sticks in order, from the shortest to the longes, and can insert an intermediate-size stick into the proper place. She knows that if one stick is longer than a second stick, and the second stick is longer than a third, then the first stick is longer than the third.
|
Seration and transitive inference.
|
|
Dara can solve both inductive and deductive problems and knows that inductive conclusions (based on particular premisis) are less certan deductive ones(based on general premisis)
|
inductive and deductive reasoning
|
|
Stacy, at age 7, knows that if a clay ball is rolled into a sausage, it still contains the same amount of clay.
|
Conservation
|
|
Dora make a list of the thing she has to do today, what common memory strategie is used.
|
External memory aids,
Prompting by something outside the person. 5 and 6 year olds con do thism, but 8 year olds are more likely to think of it. |
|
Tim says the letter in his spelling words over and over until he knows them. what memory stratgy used?
|
Rehearsal: Conscious repetition. 6 year olds can be taught to do this. 7 year olds do it spontaneousely.
|
|
Luis recalls the animal he saw in the zoo by thinking first of the mammalsm, then the reptiles, then amphibians, then fish and then birds. what memory stratgy used?
|
Organiztion: Grouping by categories
|
|
Yolanda remembers the lines of the musical staff (EGBDF) by assocating them with the phrase " every good boy does fine. What memory stratgy used?
|
Elaboration: associating items to be remembered with somethig else such as a phrase, scene, or story. older child do this spontaneously.
|
|
The self-concept becomes more realistic during middle childhood, when, according to neo-Piagetian theory, children form representational systems at around __ or ___ age.
|
7 to 8
|
|
behavior therapy
|
therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.
|
|
childhood depression
|
mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.
|
|
conduct disorder
|
repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.
|
|
coregulation
|
transitional stage in control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.
|
|
drug therapy
|
administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders.
|
|
family therapy
|
psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning.
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder
|
anxiety not focused on any single target.
|
|
individual psychotherapy
|
psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one.
|
|
industry versus inferiority
|
Erikson's fourth critical alternative of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face the feelings of inferiority.
|
|
obsessive-compulsive disorder
|
anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.
|
|
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
|
pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility and defiance.
|
|
protective factors
|
influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes.
|
|
representational systems
|
in neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.
|
|
Children with high self-esteem:
|
are more willing to perform volunteer work.
|
|
children low in effortful control?
|
They are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
They tend to become frustrated when interrupted. They are likely to have later behavioral problems. |
|
In regards to children's control of behavior, middle childhood brings a transitional stage in which:
|
parents and children share the power.
|
|
Seven-year-old Amanda says that Gail is her friend because she always gives her candy when she asks for some. According to Selman's stages of friendship, this is an example of:
|
one-way assistance.
|
|
Some children see other children as trying to hurt them, even if this is not the case, so they strike out in retaliation. This is called:
|
hostile attribution bias.
|
|
The two most important protective factors which seem to help children overcome stress and contribute to resilience are:
|
good family relationships and high cognitive function.
|
|
Parents of school-age children are more likely to use ______ ______when handling discipline.
|
inductive techniques
|
|
One third of first marriages dissolve within ten years.
|
true
|
|
_______ ______ ______ _________are used to treat depression.
|
Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors
|
|
When under stress, resilient children regulate their emotions by shifting _________ to something else.
|
attention
|
|
How do school-age children develop a realistic self-concept, and what contributes to self-esteem?
|
According to Erikson, the chief source of self-esteem is children's view of their productive competence. This "virtue" develops through resolution of the crisis of industry versus inferiority. According to Susan Harter's research, however, self-esteem arises primarily from social support and self-evaluation.
|
|
How do school-age children show emotional growth?
|
School-age children have internalized shame and pride and can better understand and control negative emotions.
Empathy and prosocial behavior increases. Emotional growth is affected by parent's reactions to display of negative emotions. |
|
How do parent-child relationships change in middle childhood?
|
School-age children spend less time with, and are less close to, parents than before; but relationships with parents continue to be important. Culture influences family relationships and roles.
Development of coregulation may affect the way a family handles conflicts and discipline. |
|
Selman's Stages of friendship
|
Stage 0: Mentary playmateship
ages 3 to 7 Stage 1: One-way assistance ages 4 to 9 Stage 2: Two-way fair-weather cooperation ages 6 to 12 Stage 3: intimate, ,uutally shared relationships ages 9-15 Stage 4: autonomous interdependence beginning at age 12 |
|
She lives on my street or he has the power rangers
|
stage 0: monmentary playmateship.
On this undfferentated level of friendship children are egocentric and have trouble considering another person's point of view they ten to think only about what they want from the relationship. |
|
Most very hoyng children define their friends in terms of physical closeness and value them for
|
material or physical attributes.
|
|
She's not my friend any more, because she wouldn't go with me when I wanted her to or he's my friend because he always says yes when I want to barrow his eraser
|
Stage 1: one-way assistance
on this unilateral level, a "good friend" does what the child wants the friend to do. |
|
It takes a long time to make a close friend, so you really feel bad if you find out that your friend is trying to make other friends too
|
Stage 3: intimate, mutually shared relationships
on this mutal level, children view a friendship as having a life of its own. it is an ongoing systematic, committed relationship that incorprates more than doing things for each other. friends become possessive and demand exclusivity. |
|
A good friendship is a real commitment a risk you have to take; you have to support and trust and give, but you have to be able to let go too.
|
Stage 4: autonomous interdependence
In this interdependent stage, childrean respect friends' needs for both dependency and autonomy. |
|
We are friends; we do things for each other or a friend is someone who plays with you when you don't have anybody else to play with.
|
Stage 2: Two-way Fair-weather cooperation
This reciprocal level overloaps stage 1. It involves give and take but still serves many separate self interests, rather than the common interests of the two friend |
|
Middle childhood is a prime time for bulling because
|
victims tend to be weak and submissive or argumentative and provocative and have low self esteem.
|
|
Children tend to wory about
|
school, health and personal safety.
|
|
adolescence
|
developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes.
|
|
adolescent growth spurt
|
sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity.
|
|
adrenarche
|
maturation of adrenal glands.
|
|
gateway drugs
|
drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, the use of which tends to lead to use of more addictive drugs.
|
|
gonadarche
|
maturation of the testes or ovaries.
|
|
menarche
|
girl's first menstruation.
|
|
primary sex characteristics
|
organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence.
|
|
puberty
|
process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce.
|
|
secular trend
|
trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago.
|
|
secondary sex characteristics
|
physiological signs of sexual maturation (such as breast development and growth of body hair) that do not involve the sex organs.
|
|
spermarache
|
boy's first ejaculation.
|
|
what occurs during adenarche?
|
secretion of androgens
|
|
Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?
|
breast of females
|
|
Spermarche occurs in boys at an average age of:
|
thirteen.
|
|
The growth spurt in the adolescent's brain takes place chiefly in the:
|
frontal lobe.
|
|
Which part of the brain do adolescents use to process information about emotions?
|
amygdala
|
|
Early warning signs include excessive exercising.
It may be accompanied by cessation of menstruation. Those who have this disorder are often described as "model" children. What is this disorder |
anorexia nervosa
|
|
The most prevalent STD is:
|
human papilloma virus.
|
|
risk factor for depression in adolescents?
|
fear of social contact
chronic illness parent-child conflict |
|
The leading cause of death in U.S. teenagers is:
|
motor vehicle accident.
|
|
Young people who succeed at suicide are most likely to:
|
use firearms.
|
|
Race/ethnicity affects the timing of puberty. T or F
|
True
|
|
Early maturation is associated with a tendency toward risky behavior in both boys and girls. T F
|
True
|
|
One of the most curable STDs is _______?
|
chlamydia.
|
|
Secondary Sex Characteristics for girls are
|
breast
pubic hair axillary hair changes in voice changes in skin increased width in depth of pelvis musular development |
|
Secondary sex characteristics for boys are
|
pubic hair
axillary hair muscular development facial hair changes in voice changes in skin broadening of shoulders |
|
conventional morality (or morality of conventional role conformity)
|
second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the standards of authority figures are internalized.
|
|
formal operations
|
in Piaget's theory, the final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly.
|
|
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
|
ability, believed by Piaget to accompany the state of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses.
|
|
imaginary audience
|
Elkind's term for an observer who exists only in an adolescent's mind and is as concerned with the adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is.
|
|
personal fable
|
Elkind's term for conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.
|
|
postconventional morality (or morality of autonomous moral principles)
|
third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which people follow internally held moral principles and can decide among conflicting moral standards.
|
|
preconventional morality
|
first level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which control is external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid punishment, or out of self-interest.
|
|
social capital
|
family and community resources upon which a person can draw.
|
|
In regards to Piaget's work, research has seriously challenged his:
|
assertion of definite stages of development.
|
|
what is a structural cognitive change occurring in adolescence?
|
the expansion of working memory
|
|
_____ knowledge consists of all the factual knowledge a person has acquired.
|
Declarative
|
|
According to Elkind, young adolescents often do not recognize the difference between expressing an ideal and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it. He identified this characteristic as:
|
apparent hypocrisy.
|
|
What term does Elkind use to denote a belief by adolescents that they are special, that their experience is unique, and that they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world?
|
personal fable
|
|
According to Kohlberg, the level of moral reasoning that includes maintaining mutual relations, and social concern and conscience, is:
|
conventional morality.
|
|
According to Fowler, children aged 7 - 10 are typically at the stage of faith called:
|
mythic-literal faith.
|
|
What is true of parents' influence on motivation and achievement?
|
Parent influence can be less important than peer influence.
|
|
statements about gender and achievement
|
Boys and girls score about the same in most areas of subject-matter.
Girls earn better grades than boys. Boys receive more favorable attention from teachers than girls. |
|
In terms of occupational options in the United States:
|
students' self-efficacy beliefs shape the options they consider.
|
|
Many adolescents and adults are incapable of_____ ____.
|
abstract thought.
|
|
Kohlberg's early stages of moral development correspond to
|
Piaget's stages of moral development in childhood
|
|
Teachers tend to discipline boys more ______ than girls.
|
harshly
|
|
Girls tend to have greater confidence in their ______ abilities than boys.
|
academic
|
|
Male and female high school seniors are now equally likely to plan careers in ______ and _______.
|
math and science.
|
|
According to _________, moral reasoning is based on a developing sense of justice and growing cognitive abilities.
|
Kohlberg
|
|
According to _______, Adolescents enter the highest level of cognitive development---- formal operations
|
Piaget
|
|
adolescent rebellion
|
pattern of emotional turmoil, characteristic of a minority of adolescents, which may involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values.
|
|
commitment
|
Marcia's term for personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs.
|
|
crisis
|
Marcia's term for period of conscious decision making related to identity formation.
|
|
foreclosure
|
identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person who has not yet spent time considering alternatives (that is, has not been in crisis) is committed to other people's plans for his or her life.
|
|
identity achievement
|
identity status, described by Marcia, which is characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives.
|
|
identity diffusion
|
identity status, described by Marcia, which is characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives.
|
|
identity statuses
|
Marcia's term for stages of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment.
|
|
identity versus identity confusion
|
Erikson's fifth crisis of psychosocial development in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role she or he is to play in society. Also called identity versus role confusion.
|
|
moratorium
|
identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person is currently considering alternatives (in crisis) and seems headed for commitment.
|
|
patchwork self
|
Elkind's term for a sense of identity constructed by substituting other peoples' attitudes, beliefs, and commitments for one's own.
|
|
sexual orientation
|
focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
|
|
Erikson's fifth crisis of psychosocial development, in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, is called:
|
identity versus identity confusion.
|
|
Marcia's term for states of ego development is:
|
identity statuses.
|
|
According to Marcia, "crisis leading to commitment" is called:
|
CORRECT. For more information, review the "Marcia: Identity Status -- Crisis and Commitment" section in the textbook.
|
|
Gary is unsure of himself and tends to be uncooperative. He has not seriously considered options and has avoided commitments. According to Marcia, his status is:
|
ideal diffusion.
|
|
A sense of self, built mainly by substitution, is what Elkind calls:
|
a patchwork self.
|
|
A factor associated with becoming sexually active at an early age is:
|
having an impulsive personality.
|
|
Adolescents who are considered controversial:
|
tend to do well in school.
|
|
Early childhood intervention programs that appear to be effective in reducing delinquency later in childhood, operate on Bronfenbrenner's:
|
mesosystem and exosystem.
|
|
Erikson saw the prime danger of adolescence as ....
|
identity or role confusion.
|
|
Sexual orientation seems to be at least partly _____.
|
genetic
|
|
Delinquency typically peaks at about age ___ and then declines.
|
15
|