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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Northbridge chipset |
Controls communication between CPU and high-speed motherboard components such as system RAM and video adapter. Connects to CPU front side bus (FSB). |
MCC - Memory Controller Chip |
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Southbridge Chipset |
Manages Communications between the CPU via the Northridge and such I/O buses as the ATA PS2 SATA USB and the BIOS. |
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Jumpers |
These jumpers are the pins which would be found by one on the motherboard. The interesting thing is that they won't get connected to the hard disk, floppy or even to motherboard itself. They might be a pair of pins or it can be single as well. One should look at the official documentation of computer to know what they are for and what they mean. I.e. jumper 13 can be used if one wants to change the working of motherboard and for that; he would just need to connect them up. |
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ECC vs. Non ECC |
ECC and non ECC memory has some differences and one should hold the knowledge about them since they are pretty common. ECC is the memory type which is used mainly for the servers and some other applications which need some additional stability and the security. The non EEC is for the regular people. Like those who use PC at home or those who have got passion for gaming. One should also know that ECC rams are somehow, slower because they contain some extra steps in their working which can eliminate and prohibit errors. Aloes, they can be pretty expensive too. But for using the EEC, it is necessary to use the motherboard which supports it. Since it's mentioned before too, one cannot put all type of memories in a single motherboard module. |
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Parity vs. Non Parity |
Memory modules are of two types and they are parity and non-parity. A person must know about them since that's the place where he would be inserting the RAM if he is going to change the RAM. The parity RAM is an important thing for the users since it comes with the stable RAM and the irregularities in the RAM are eliminated with its introduction in the computer. One should know that the DIMM or the SIMM has normally 9 chips of the memory. And only 8 are used out of them. The ninth one is checked by the parity checking so that the checksum data can be hold in it. |
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Hyper threading |
Another term which is associated to the fast CPU is called the hyper threading. This term is also known as HTT. This thing works in a way that it takes on single CPU and makes it become two in the way that it seems that there are two processors and the CPU acts that way. This technique doesn't just double up the speed, but the performance is boosted up so dramatically. So, if the processor is waiting to get the memory retrieved from a memory, then the same time there is something else which can be done by the processor. If the performance is increased by the HTT, then the performance is boosted up quite quickly. Also, the many operating systems which are there are taking advantage of this HTT technology provided by Intel. |
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Virtualization Support |
The visualization technologies have improved and changed a lot from the past ones. It is that one could run several operating systems at the very same time on a server or a computer. Even though it lowered down the speed and the abilities, but it also provided the chance to work on various OS at the same time. The manufacturers have now integrated this technology to the processor. So instead of using some virtualization software, one can now easily use it through the processor. The Intel has given it named of Intel VT while AMD calls it AMD Virtualization. |
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Architecture (64 and 32 bit) |
One can find the 32 bit and the 64 bit operating systems. Actually it is the amount of data that can be processed at some time. With the 32 bit and 64 bit, one referred to the registers, the processor and how much memory can be talked to at one single time. If a system is 32 bit, then it handles the memory with the 32 bit architecture and it might even use the wider data bus of 64 bit. Hence, if one takes a look at the bus among the CPU and the motherboard and it shows it to be the 64 bit, it doesn't really mean that it is 64bit, it might be still 32 bit. |
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USB 1.1 vs. 2.0 vs. 3.0 Speed and the Distant Characteristics |
The USB is the most common way to get the devices commented to the computer. The oldest version of the USB is called the standard 1.1. Is it pretty old and was the first ever version introduced by the USB. The low speed of the USB is around 1.5 m per seconds. The cable through which I t can run at this rate is 3 meters. The full speed that this version has is 12 megabits per seconds and it requires the maximum of 5 meters cable at which this speed can really work on. The version 2.0 is the second version and is considered as the modern and latest version. Most of the people are using this version currently. It also has high speed. At five meter long cable, the slow speed that this USB has got is 480 megabits per second. SO hence it has some really big edge over the previous USB version of 1.1. The latest version that is coming out in the market is of the USB 3.0. At some places, this version can be seen. Users are calling it the super Speed USB since the amount of data that it can handle is 4.8 GB per second. It is a huge increase over the 2.0 USB which entertains the data at sped of only 480 megabits. But, the distance which allowed the transfer of data at such amazingly huge rate is pretty small. The maximum distance which can bear this speed is 3 meters. |
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USB Connector type micro, mini, A and B |
Normally USB has only two types which are A and B. They are mostly used in all USB. The type A is normally flat and has the rectangular surface. The interface has the connection by the friction which makes it become toe ay for the user to connect or disconnect the USB with the port. The type B USB connectors are made doe the USB peripheral device. It is square type in the shape and it has somehow, some bevelled corners which are located at some top ends of the connectors. Just like type A, there is some friction there which helps the user use this connector with ease. The micro and Mini USB are of many types like there is Mini USB 5b pin, 4 pin and Fuji while the micro USB is of type A, B and AB. They all have some different shapes and hence are recognized majorly by their shapes. The micro USB connectors are normally smaller than normal connectors and the mini USB types are smaller than micro USB connectors. Both of these are used majorly in the devices like mobile phones, PDAs and the digital cameras etc. |
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Firewire 800 vs. Firewire 400 speed and distance characteristics (IEE 1394) |
At here is another interface connection type which is pretty common among all the connections. It is called the Firewire. Sometimes, it is also called as the IEE 1394. Apple has given it the name of Firewire. Some other manufacturers give it the name of Lynx or the iLink. This amazing interface gives the user authority to get almost 63 devices connected to each other. Hence these devices can get connected to the computer with the help of only one interface that is the Firewire. One would find the two types of the Firewire. The first one is called as the Firewire 400. In the half duplex, it can run at 100, 200 and the 400 Megabits. The distance that one should imagine with the Firewire is mostly 4 and the half meters which make up 15 meters long. The maximum reach can be 72 meters. Each Firewire device is kind of repeater. One can hence, have the total distance of a 15 feet cable and the Firewire device, and the other Firewire device again would come at the distance of 15 meters. Hence it can make up its way all to the 63 various devices. The total distance that would be there is the 73 meters. One might not be able to set up the 4 and the half meter distance among each drive but as long as the distance doesn't exceed the 72 meters, then one can use the Firewire 400. The newer version of the Firewire is the Firewire 800. This update has allowed the users to have some great speed. The point to be noticed is that this Firewire 800 has the speed of 800 megabits per second. It can go with the full duplex. So it indicates that there would be the 800 megabits at one direction while the other direction would also have the same 800 megabits. There are some various other types of the connections as well which can be used for the Firewire 800. One of them is the optional connection and it allows the user to go to the 100 meters as well. The copper connection would allow this distance but still, one would have to maintain the distance of 4 and half meters and the maximum of 72 meters distance of the wire. |
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SATA 1 vs. SATA 2 vs. SATA 3, IDE speeds and e SATA |
The SATA is the most common standards which can be found on the computers used in the today's life. SATA 1 is the first ever version of the SATA which actually allowed the transfer of 1.5 gigabits in a second. The maximum cable size that can be used by the SATA among the motherboard and the device is only a half meter. The SATA 2, as the name indicates, is the upgraded version of the SATA1. It contained some revisions which allowed it to transfer the data at the rate of around 3 giga bits per seconds and the length of the cable used for this purpose can be one meter. Hence the speed was changed but the length wasn't changed at all. There then, was introduced a third version of SATA as well which is called the SATA 3. This version can now carry a huge amount of data transfer that is 6giga bits. The size again, hasn't been changed and it adjusts the speed which kept being doubled. But one can use the eSATA as well. It stands for the external SATA. These devices can be used outside the computer. The speed of this SATA would normally be matching the speed of other SATA devices but since it is operating outside the computer, so one can increase the distance of the cable and hence it can become a little longer when the drive if moved from the computer. The maximum distance it can be moved towards is the 2 meters. |
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Graphic/ CAD/ CAM Design Workstations |
If one is working in some business environment which is mainly involved in the graphic designing, then this PC is the thing that person wants to have. They would need a PC on what they can run the CAD. Following are the requirements of such PC;
Powerful Processor: Since using the CAD requires some really graphic extensive workings, hence the processor that is required for this job has to be powerful enough. For these professionals there is a lot of architecture work which has to be done on these PC and they are responsible for developing some really detailed designs which are related to engineering. For that, one should ensure that the processor they are using is the best one to handle some really heavy work load and hence the processor used should have extremely powerful. During the usage, the person would be doing so much 3D work and it would include so much modeling. So, it means there would be many calculations which would have to be performed by the processor. So, one should ensure that the CPU has what it takes to handle and bear such intense environment.
High End Video: Since the work would mostly be of 3D, also the person would be needing lots of heavy graphics and for this sake a good graphic card is needed which can handle this much load. So, one would have to spend much resources for the VG card. Also, one should acquire some specialized card where the memory is pretty much available. Also, the user should install some heavy GPU unit so that it can bear the heavy workload that would be put onto it by the 3D modeling.
Maximum RAM: Since the work load would be so heavy, its understood that one would be doing so much processing on the PC for this sake, the RAMs have to be fast enough so that they can help the PC make calculations in a better way by providing the memory in fast and short time period. |
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Audio/Video Editing Workstation |
These are the computers which are mainly used by those people who are involved in the heavy video and audio editing. They can be the ones who relate to the TC or the films field. Their requirements for the computer are as follows;
Specialized Audio and Video Cards: Since the first thing is to ensure that the audio and the video cards used here are the very powerful ones since there would be some huge work done on the video editing and the audio editing so the both things should be working perfectly fine.
Large Fast Hard Drive: when one works on the rendering of those videos and the audios, there is one thing they need the most. That is the hard drive with plenty of space so that so many video can be stored there and the hard disk never runs full too soon. During the work many of the temporary files get written and there is too much information that has to be in the writing and has to be read when one edits all those systems. So, the hard disk should be having much space and it should be fast enough. The hard drive if is big and fast, the work done would become much easier. Also, the usage of SSDs can be very useful here and sing these drives for the OS files and the temporary files can bring in some really good response time which would be really short and the editing would become easier.
Dual Monitors: The editing requires the person to do many things at a single time, so it's good to have the dual monitors which can show the works that are being done simultaneously. The benefit of it can be that one can edit something on one screen and can judge the results by showing them on the second screen. Hence the things won't get mixed up and the work would become easier and would be more effective. Also, the dual monitors can be used here in the sense that one can also run multiple operating systems on them. They can be run on same time on the same computer and they can be viewed on the both screens hence the work can be monitored time by time and this method is very effective |
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Virtualization Workstation |
Those people who have to do much work about the visualization, need to run many windows at he very same commuter. It is quite possible. One can run the Linux and windows both at a single computer at the same time. But the main problems are the memory and the speed of computer, so one should make sure sure to have the following specifications of the computer before starting the visualization load over the computer
Maximum RAM and CPU Cores: This is the most important thing for those who are working on some virtualization field. The operating systems can take some large chunk of the memory so one should make sure to install good RAM which is large as well, so that the work can be handled in some good way. Most of the CPU today is able to handle such level of virtualization but if the CPU has some more cores, the work becomes so fast and easy for the developer and he can work in peace without having any worries about the crashes of data. Also, many calculations can be run within a short time which would bring some great efficiency and improvement in the work. |
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Gaming PC |
Many people love playing games and for this sake, they require some really powerful PC which can enable them to play games without frying the hardware in the computer. Following are the best specifications for a good gaming pc;
Powerful Processor: gaming is the thing which can make all the computer work a lot since all the hardware and the software is busy when the game is on. They are used a lot and hence they require being more powerful so that they can bear the burden of the heavy load. So if someone wants to have some good gaming computer, he should make sure to have some biggest processor. Many of the games themselves require the PC to have the great processors and these days, the many good games require at least i3 for the great gaming experience.
High End Video/ Specialized CPU: the latest games have got some really advanced graphics and that's why they provide some amazing gaming experience to the users. But, this requires the video card to be very good so that the games can be played without any slow speed and the quality of the screen remains very high. The problem with the gaming video cards is, that they get hot very soon since they have to bear too much pressure and burden of work. These cards can cost a lot and sometimes, these cards are so expensive that one can buy a whole computer with that money. That's why having the CPU with the maximum cores and the great video card can make a gamer's life heaven.
Better Sound Card: Gaming experience isn't just about the speed, control and the video; it's about the sound as well. The sound cards now can create some big differences in the games. The better sound cards mean that there would be the better chip and the audio would be really clear. Also, the multiple audio tracks would be able to run at the same time. If these capabilities are not born by the audio card, then the gaming experience can't be enjoyed to the full extent.
High End Cooling: The gaming computers tend to get heated up really soon. The reason behind is that all the components of the computer work together and they hot very soon. So there has to be some really efficient cooling system which can cool down the PC soon as it gets hot. |
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Home Theatre PC |
Those people who love using the PC mainly for watching videos and the movies, should make sure to have the following components in it;
Surrounding Sound Audio: The home theatre lovers don't just use the left and the right channels, they sue the central channel. They also require having a sub-woofer. The surrounding sounds create the atmosphere of a cinema and hence enhance the video watching experience. So the hardware installed inside the PC should be capable and compatible enough to accept thus audio input.
HDMI Output: Since the system would be using too much of the high definition video, so having the HDMI port is very important so it can get plougged in to the TV.
HTPC Compact from Factor: This factor allows the computer o have some small size which can get fit into the space of the room. The rooms might not be liked if there are big computers so this allows the user to have the small volume of computer.
TV Tuner: PC can be tuned into the TV so that users can use it as the TV as well.
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Thin Client |
Now the era has changed and many of the people are transferring from the thick client to thin one since it takes less space and looks sleek. Following are the requirements of this client;
Basic Applications: Just like thick client, this client should be able to run the basic applications which are used in day to day like, like antivirus, MS office etc. this PC doesn't require so much resource and one might see only a box connected to monitor.
Meeting Minimum Requirements for Running Windows: For these PC, the device is connected with the remote server which is somewhere else in the organization so there is no need to have some video card which is heavy or the good processor. |
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Home Server PC |
In some hi technology house hold one would need the Home server PC where he can stream all he videos and contents inside the house. These are the specs for the PC;
Media Streaming: Media streaming is very important art since many people love streaming a saving that content on the desktop after streaming.
File Sharing: The home server PCs normally has some hi-tech internet which helps them save the files and transfer them across the network. Print Sharing: If one wants to get access to someone else's printer, the simplest thing is to connect the printer to the central home server and it's called as the network printer.
Gigabit NIC: The home server PCs have some really good internet speed and they are up to the Gigabit so that the user can download the data easily and in time.
RAID Array: For the homes server, the most important thing is that what is being stored, so this system might contain the hard drives in an array which is called as the RAID array. |
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OLED |
This technology is the new technology. It stands for the Organic Light emitting Diodes. This technology is the flat light emission one and it is made through some thin films which are organic and they are placed between two conductors. Whenever it gets hit by the electricity, the bright light comes out of it. These displays do not require some backlight and they are pretty thinner. So, they are better than all the LED and the LCD since they don't use the backlight to project an image. |
Organic Light emitting Diodes |
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Native Resolution |
The LCD has some important specification and it is known as the native resolution for that display. When the CRTs were used, one could simply change the pixel size since it was in the tube. But now on the LCDs, it cannot be changed. The reason is that it would always have the specific number of the pixels high and the certain amount of the pixel wide. On the computers, the resolution can be changed easily and quickly. Also, the LCDs we use these days can adjust themselves according to that resolution that has been set by the user. If there is some mismatch that is happened between the pixel high and the wide, then the screen would look weird and some letters would be thin and some would be fat, as if they are trying to figure out what resolution should be adjusted to show the right images. |
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MIDI enabled devices |
MIDI stands for the Musical Instrument Digital Interface. It is actually a device which is musical one and can digitalize all of the information and can transfer it to the computer in some really standard way. Many of the application which contains these capabilities of the music use this midi as the standard format so that the information can be getting in and out of the computer. It is common to get these devices plugged into the computers with the help of some Ethernet cables and even the USB cables. While on the different side there in instrument is coated, the large din connections are used to get connected between the commuter and the device. |
Musical Instrument Digital Interface |
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Fiber connector - ST |
One would find, that the first type that the fiber network has is called ST. it stands for the straight tip. This straight tip can be seen coming out of the each end of the connector. The connection would also be containing some little bayonet type connectors at the end of it. So they are normally just pushed in the link and turned around and hence they are locked into the place. This way, one can re arrange the cables an can move the fiber around. They are pretty tight and the only way to remove them is again, to turn them. Hence by locking it, one can assure that they won't come out and get disconnected during the operation by any accident. There is one important characteristic that is observed during working with the fiber, that is the light travels only in one direction, so one would connect a pair of the cables at the same time. When different pairs are noticed, one can notice that there are some various pairs which have some different colours. One end is usually plugged into a connection which goes to the transmit and the other one is plugged into the same kind of connection in the receive. Also, they have to become changed and swapped on some other side. |
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Fiber Connectors -SC |
There is another type of the wire as well. It is known as the SC Connector. This means the subscriber connector. Also it is known as the standard connector. It is actually a square connector since the fiber present inside this cable is in the round shape. The actually connector, is square. These cables are normally connected in some pairs. They also have a connection established among them so that the data can keep travelling to the only one same direction. So, it gets plugged in into the links only in a particular way. One would also find some pairs that have a connector between these ones so that they all can go in the same direction, the black connector would be found on the right side and the red connector would be found on the left side of it. While at the other ends of this fiber, one would be able to find the receive and the transmit. Knowing this can save someone so much time since one can simply plug them in and can keep these fiber straight that which connector and the side goes in which connection. |
subscriber connector |
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Thunderbolt |
is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Apple and Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer. |
Apple peripheral connectors |
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eMMC |
The eMMC (embedded Multi Media Card) architecture puts the MMC components (flash memory plus controller) into a small ball grid array (BGA) IC package for use in circuit boards as an embedded non-volatile memory system. This is noticeably different from other versions of MMC as this is not a user-removable card, but rather a permanent attachment to the circuit board. eMMC also does not support the SPI-bus protocol. Almost all mobile phones and tablets use this form of flash for main storage. The latest version of the eMMC standard (JESD84-B51) by JEDEC is version 5.1 released February 2015, with speeds rivaling discrete SATA-based SSDs (400 MB/s). |
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RAID 0 |
splits ("stripes") data evenly across two or more disks, without parity information, redundancy, or fault tolerance. Since RAID 0 provides no fault tolerance or redundancy, the failure of one drive will cause the entire array to fail; as a result of having data striped across all disks, the failure will result in total data loss. This configuration is typically implemented having speed as the intended goal. RAID 0 is normally used to increase performance, although it can also be used as a way to create a large logical volume out of two or more physical disks. Performance A RAID 0 array of n drives provides data read and write transfer rates up to n times higher than the individual drive rates, but with no data redundancy. As a result, RAID 0 is primarily used in applications that require high performance and are able to tolerate lower reliability, such as in scientific computing or computer gaming. |
(also known as a stripe set or striped volume) |
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RAID 1 |
Consists of an exact copy (or mirror) of a set of data on two or more disks; a classic RAID 1 mirrored pair contains two disks. This configuration offers no parity, striping, or spanning of disk space across multiple disks, since the data is mirrored on all disks belonging to the array, and the array can only be as big as the smallest member disk. This layout is useful when read performance or reliability is more important than write performance or the resulting data storage capacity.The array will continue to operate so long as at least one member drive is operational. Performance Any read request can be serviced and handled by any drive in the array; thus, depending on the nature of I/O load, random read performance of a RAID 1 array may equal up to the sum of each member's performance, while the write performance remains at the level of a single disk. However, if disks with different speeds are used in a RAID 1 array, overall write performance is equal to the speed of the slowest disk |
disk mirroring is the replication of logical disk volumes onto separate physical hard disks in real time to ensure continuous availability |
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RAID 5 |
consists of block-level striping with distributed parity. Unlike in RAID 4, parity information is distributed among the drives. It requires that all drives but one be present to operate. Upon failure of a single drive, subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that no data is lost. RAID 5 requires at least three disks.In comparison to RAID 4, RAID 5's distributed parity evens out the stress of a dedicated parity disk among all RAID members. Additionally, write performance is increased since all RAID members participate in serving of the write requests. Although it won't be as efficient as a non RAID setup, (because parity must still be written), this is just no longer a bottleneck |
Striping with distributed parity or striping with interleaved parity |
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RAID 10 |
also called RAID 1+0 and sometimes RAID 1&0, is similar to RAID 01 with an exception that two used standard RAID levels are layered in the opposite order;RAID 10, as recognized by the storage industry association and as generally implemented by RAID controllers, is a RAID 0 array of mirrors, which may be two- or three-way mirrors, and requires a minimum of four drives. However, a nonstandard definition of "RAID 10" was created for the Linux MD driver; Linux "RAID 10" can be implemented with as few as two disks. Implementations supporting two disks such as Linux RAID 10 offer a choice of layouts. Arrays of more than four disks are also possible. |
stripe of mirrors. |
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TASKKILL (OS command line) |
command is used when one want to end or rather terminate processes running in one's computer. So as to use this command, one must be conversant with the task name and process ID. |
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BOOTREC (OS Command line) |
command, also known as boot recover command is one that is quite similar to FIXMBR. With this command, one is in a position to perform operating system diagnosis through the help of some additional recovery tools such as system restore, system image recovery among many others. This is a command that one should use mainly when trying to carry out some Windows memory recovery. |
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SHUTDOWN (OS Command line) |
If one's computer cannot easily access the start button and one want to shut down one's computer, one can use SHUTDOWN command on the command line interface to turn off one's computer or restart it. Shutdown/s means complete shutdown and shutdown/r means restart. |
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TASKLIST (OS Command line) |
is a command that one should use if one want to have a list of all processes running in one's computer. The same command can also be used to list processes that could be running in a remote computer provided one have all the required and proper credentials to use this utility. By using this command, one is able to see the process ID, the number of running sessions and the amount of memory use. This is simply a command that displays all currently running programs including services. |
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MD (OS Command line) |
command is a special type of command that is mainly involved in the aspect of file and folders directory. If one want to add a folder into one's user directory, one are going to use this command so as to specify the folder's entire path. When using this command, one should have quotations since there will be spaces in between. This is a simple command for creation of directories. |
Make Directory |
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RD (OS Command line) |
command is a command that one should use if one want to remove a folder from any particular directory. In this case, one is only required to know the folder name since it is the only important information required. This is a command that one can also use if one want to get rid of a directory. |
Remove Directory |
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CD (OS Command line) |
command is a command that one should use if one want to navigate further into a folder or directory. After adding a folder into a specific directory, one might wish to move ahead. Through this command, one is able to view all files that are saved in a particular folder. If one wants to move to the previous directory that one were in, then one should use the cd command. |
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DEL (OS Command line) |
One can also erase items at the command line interface. This is possible through the use of the DEL command or delete. This is a command that one can use if one want to get rid or rather delete all available files. This command can also be used when one wants to delete a directory but only on the condition that it is empty which therefore means that one should first delete its contents before deleting it. If one try deleting a directory with some files in it, one will be prompted to wait and a message appears informing one that one cannot remove the directory since it isn't empty. |
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FORMAT (OS Command line) |
command is used when one want to completely delete files from a particular drive. This command specifies the drive letter for the drive one want to format. One should be careful with this command since it can lead to loss of important files and folders. |
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COPY (OS Command line) |
At times, we may require to move and copy files and folders into different locations on the storage medium. The COPY command can therefore be used in this case. We can use copy/a meaning that an ASCII file is to be copied and copy/v meaning that all the copied files will undergo some verification to check if they were copied correctly and are similar. Copy/y is to overwrite a particular file. When using this command, one should be sure of the prompt to use, be specific on the file or folder to be copied after which one then specify its destination. Through copying, one creates two versions of the same file or folder. It's like creating a duplicate. |
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XCOPY (OS Command line) |
Copying more than a single file at the same time or copying all information in a directory to another directory can be achieved using the XCOPY command. This is a command that one should use especially if one are copying a large amount of files or directories. |
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ROBOCOPY (OS Command line) |
is a command that stands for robust copy which is a Windows ultimate copying command. This is an application that is usually present in the Windows resource kit. However, individual running windows XP must download the resource kit so as to use this application. The ROBOCOPY is mainly used where an individual is copying files across a network. It is quite flexible and can perform activities done by the COPY and XCOPY commands. In case of a loss in network connection, the ROBOCOPY is not affected since it has the capability to resume after the network comes back. |
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DISKPART (OS Command line) |
Command is an extremely powerful command and much caution must be taken when using it since it is a command that has an effect on one's disks management configurations and volumes. Typing the wrong command can lead to formatting of the disk or complete erasing of the contents. This is a command that does much more than just disk partitioning. With the DISKPART command being highly important, typing it on the normal prompt warns one of the changes the command could cause. This is a command one can use to create and remove all partitions. |
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SFC (OS Command line) |
utility is one that one should use in case one detect that the Windows start-up is not okay, detection of a malicious software which has altered the Windows system files. This is an extremely useful utility since it goes through all the protected OS files checking them to ensure their validity on one's machine. If some invalid files are detected, it offers an option to replace them with those that are known to be correct and accurate by windows. This is a command that one can only run as an administrator. |
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CHKDSK (OS Command line) |
When checking for logical or physical errors in a volume or the disk itself, the check disk command is what one should run. Running this command ending with /f will check for any logical problems in the file system and fix them. The /f informs the program to make changes if necessary. CHKDSK/r is a command one should use to check for problems with reading or writing on any of the disk sectors. This command helps locate the bad errors. This is a command that one cannot run on a disk volume that one are using. |
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Fixboot (OS Command line) |
command is used when one wants to create a new boot sector for the operating system. By using this command, one might want to write some new booting sector in a particular partition. When using this command, one might also require using the DISKPART command so as to identify the part or section of the disk one wants to write the new boot sector. |
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Fixmbr (OS Command line) |
This is a command that one can use to fix problems with the Master Boot Record. The MBR is the initial sector on the physical disk. This is the sector where the computer goes first prior to loading content in storage media. In case of a Master Boot Record problem, one should receive a notification with an alert message such as error loading the operating system, invalid partition table among many others. |
Fix Master Boot Record |
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TRACERT (Networking Command line) |
command is also known as the trace route command. It is a command that is used to show the entire path from one's local computer to one's default server. |
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NETSTAT (Networking Command line) |
command allows one to acquire a lot of information and details related to a network using the command line interface. This command gives loads of information both on incoming communications and outgoing communications. There are some different netstat commands such as net stat-a which shows incoming and outgoing active connections, net stat-b shows the programs using the communication and net stat-in shows all information as a whole without having to perform DNS queries. |
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IPCONFIG (Networking Command line) |
command is one that is mainly used and greatly essential when it comes to troubleshooting IP address information for a particular device. This command helps an individual to obtain information concerning aspects such as the default gateway, IP address among other variables. This command will give one all the information regarding to a particular network adapter on the computer. With this command, one can also see DNS configurations. |
The IP Configuration |
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NET (Networking Command line) |
command is one important command especially in cases where one can only access the command line interface of a machine. It provides all networking commands in a command prompt view. So as to know the command one are looking for, one should type net followed by a question mark and a list of all available commands is displayed. |
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NSLOOKUP (Networking Command line) |
command gives one the capability to communicate to one's DNS server and also perform some reverse DNS lookup. By using this command, one can communicate to one's specific DNS server and carry out DNS queries such as finding out IP addresses of various devices, the names that have been configured in the remote DNS server for the specific device such as a router. This is just among the numerous DND information one can find out by the use of the nslookup command. This is a command that one can also use to troubleshoot problems with the DNS. |
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NBTSTAT (Networking Command line) |
command is one that allows one to easily access most of the windows-specific networking features and also troubleshoot them. This is a command abbreviated whose full definition is Net BIOS OVER TCP/IP Statistics. With this command, one can query devices not only the ones located locally but also those across the network using Windows NetBIOS language to know its configurations with regard to Windows networking. |
Net BIOS OVER TCP/IP Statistics |
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GPUPDATE (Networking Command line) |
users can manually initiate a refresh of the group policy |
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GPRESULTS (Networking Command line) |
settings applied to a given computer or user are known as the Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP). RSoP information may be displayed for both computers and users using the gpresult command. |
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DxDiag utility |
Use to test Directx functionality |
Directx Diagnostics |
