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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Windows boot disk
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: A Windows boot disk contains the core boot files that are needed to boot a Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 operating system. If those files go missing off the hard drive, you can boot the operating system from the boot disk.
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Windows CD
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The Windows CD can help you fix boot problems with Windows when a file goes missing. You can also use it to recover from some basic disk problems by using the Recovery Console.
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- Live CD
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Live CD is the general term used for booting and running the operating system from CD. There are Live CD versions of Windows XP and Linux, and you can use them to help retrieve your data when the operating system will not boot.
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ESD
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In order to hear/feel the shock you must have a charge of 3,000 volts only 200 is needed to kill a chip, 30 can damage it
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PSU
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- Alternating Current to direct - takes ~ 120v of AC and converts to 3.3, 5, or 12 volts of direct.
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Hard drive info is generally transported through the ___ bus
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PCI
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CMOS
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contains the computer’s
inventory list and advanced setup options. It can be considered an inventory list because it contains a record of all the devices connected to the system, such as the floppy drive, the hard drive, memory, and so on. |
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BIOS
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- stores settings – Bios (basic input output system) was ROM in the past, but is EEPROM (electronically erasable) which means you can update it with the manufacturer’s updates instead of having to install an entirely new chip. EX: bios allows the motherboard to support up to 2GB HD disk, but if you bought a new one, you’d have to update the bios
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ISA
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(industry standard architecture) - 8mhz – developed as 8bit then went to 16bit
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MCA
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(micro channel architecture) – came after ISA, was 32bit and ran at 10 MHz
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EISA
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developed to allow backwards compatability for ISA slots. 16bit/32bit, eisa cards were 32bit, but supported 16bit ISA. Because both fit in the same slot, they keep an 8MHz transfer rate.
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VESA
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video electronics standard association developed a bus that outperformed ISA. 32 bit that supported bus mastering and ran at the same speed as the processor, which when created, was around 25-33MHz. These were generally used for video cards.
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PCI
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(Peripheral Component Interconnect) - 33mhz/66mhz (32bit/64bit)
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PCMCIA
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– peripheral computer memory card industry association, used in laptops for network support and runs at 33MHz, and is 16 bit it’s plug and play and hot swappable. It has three different types of slots, slot 1, 2, and 3.
(DURING MCA – IBM came up with bus mastering, which allowed components to skip the processor and send information to other components in the bus directly.) |
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PCMCIA - slot 1
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3.3 MM – memory cards
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PCMCIA - Slot 2
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5.0 MM – Modems/Network Cards
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PCMCIA - Slot 3
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10.5 MM – removable drives
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PCIe
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the speed is measured differently, the others are parallel busses and this is a serial bus. It has 1x-16x (1-16 channels)
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AGP
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- runs at 66 MHz for AGP 1x, but can be extended to 8x, which is 528MHz. Been around since Pentium 2 in 1997. The speed is an increase for the card, but it also directly communicates with the processor, which is a plus.
- 1x mode runs at 66 MHz (266 MBps), 2x runs at 133 MHz (533 MBps), 4x runs at 266 MHz (1.07 GBps), and 8x runs at 533 MHz (2.2 GBps)! |
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Video card color depths:
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✦ 4-bit or 16 colors
✦ 8-bit or 256 colors ✦ 16-bit or 65,000 colors ✦ 24-bit or 16 million colors ✦ 32-bit or 4 billion colors |
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Screen Resolutions:
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✦ 640x480
✦ 800x600 ✦ 1024x768 ✦ 1152x864 ✦ 1280x1024 ✦ 1600x1200 |
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The VGA standard is
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16 colors at 640x480 most modern cards support SVGA
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Modem
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Modulator/Demodulator
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modulate
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- Transforms digital to analog
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demodulate
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transforms analog to digital
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Modems started at ___ and have reached ___
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300 Bps, 115 Kbps
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what's replacing modems?
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- ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
- ISDN (Intigrated Services Digital Network) - and broadband |
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ISDN is a ________, and not a ______, because no modulation takes place. it is ______ on both sides.
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terminal adapter, modem, digital
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When processors first came out they were ____
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SEC – single edge contact, or cards. These were slot 1 cards.
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Pentium chips were in socket ___, or ___
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5, 7
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Pentium II used ____ - which is a socket __
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SEC, 1
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Pentium III – socket ___
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370
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Pentium IV – socket ___, or ___
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423, 478
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Original Pentium boards usually have 4 _____ slots or 2 ______ slots (memory)
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72-pin SIMM, 168 pin DIMM
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SIMMs must be installed _____, DIMMs can be installed ______
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in pairs, individually
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The controller controls _____
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a specific component, Hard disk controller, keyboard controller, memory controller, etc
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the circuity that controls the controllers _______
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is the motherboard chipset
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North bridge communicates between...
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the CPU, ram, and AGP port
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South bridge communicates between
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the CPU and all other devices
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The south bridge is usually down by:
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the PCI slots
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The north bridge is usually located:
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between the processor and AGP card
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Serial ports are referred to as ____. and the ports are ___ or ___
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RS-232. They're usually DB9 or DB25 male
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Parallel ports are for ____
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printers
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printer ports are usually referred to as ____ and the port is a ____
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LPT1, DB25 female
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Video ports are a ___ pin ____ port
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15 pin female
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video ports convert ____ signals from the ____ to ____ signals to display on the screen
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digital signals from the CPU to analog signals
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Sound card: Line in:
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blue – allows various audio components
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Sound card: speakers
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green (line out)
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Sound card: microphone
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red
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USB 1.0 speed
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12 Mbps
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USB 2.0 speed
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480 Mbps
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you can daisy chain USB up to ___ devices
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127
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You can daisy chain IEEE 1394 (firewire) up to ___ devices
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63
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IEEE 1394a - ____ Mbps
IEEE 1394b - ____ Mbps |
400, 800
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Motherboard power connectors (on the PSU) are usually ___ or ___ and older PSU's supply ____ volts
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P1, or P2, and supplied 5/12 volts
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Newer motherboard power connectors are ___ and supply _____ volts
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P1, and supply 3.3/5/12 volts
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Newer pentium motherboards have a power supply connector on the board that supplies __ volts and is a ___ connector
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12v, p4
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IDE - stands for ______ and the ____ pin is usually labeled ____
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integrated drive electronics, 1st pin is usually red.
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IDE transfers up to ____ and has ___ pins and ____ wires
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150MBps, 40 pins, 80 wires
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SATA can transfer up to
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600 MBps
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SCSI needs a ____ pin wire and can outperform ____
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50 pin wire, IDE
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floppy needs a ___ wired cable with ____ pins
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34, 34
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DIP switch stands for ______
and is there to ______ |
dual inline package switch, and has switches to turn on/off to enable functionality on the motherboard
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FAT AT is ____ wide by ____ long, and has a ____ connector on the back
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12 inches, 11 inches long, keyboard
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Baby AT – _____ long, ____ wide – and only has a ___ keyboard connector at the top right.
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8.5 inches, 10 inches, DIN
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Baby AT typically uses a ____ processor that is a socket ____
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ZIF, 7
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LPX/NLX stands for _____ and is ___ inches wide by ____ inches long, and uses a ____ card
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low profile extended/new low profile extended, 9 inches wide by 13.6 inches long, riser
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ATX – founded in 1995 to support the Pentium ___ and ___ slot. ____ inches wide x ____ inches long. Introduced ____ bus and has been increased to _____. The ATX also has a soft power support. Also rotated the Baby AT components by 90 degrees to stop them from preventing proper cooling.
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2, AGP, 7.5 inches wide x 12 inches long, 100MHz, 533MHz+
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MicroATX - ___ long x ___ wide, and can fit in a ____ ATX/____ ATX case
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smaller version of the ATX, 9.6 inches x 9.6 inches, micro, full
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Flex ATX - ____ inches wide x ____ inches long
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9.6x7.5 (the size limits the boards functionality, so it's unpopular)
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PCMCIA stands for...
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personal computer memory card industry architecture
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The formula to find out MHz to MBps is...
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4.03 X Mhz = how many MBps
for ex: 4.03 x 66 MHz = 265.98 MBps |
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PCI-X is ___ bit.
It can run at speeds of ___, ___, ___, ___ |
32-bit and 64-bit bus architecture and is available in four
different speeds. PCI-X runs at speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 266 MHz, and 533 MHz. |
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PCI-X can send ____ bit/bits which makes it a ____ bus
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multiple, serial
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PCI-X is backwards compatible with
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PCI cards
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PCI Express uses ____ ____ to transfer data, and can transfer at speeds of ____
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data lanes, 250 MBps (per lane)
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A PCI express card that is x16 has a transfer rate of up to... ____
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4GBps (250MBps x 16)
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AMR stands for :
and adds an ____ and ____ card to the system |
Audio Modem Riser
audio/modem card |
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IDE supports ___ channel(s) with ___ device(s) in each channel, where as EIDE supports ___ channel(s) with ____ device(s) in each channel.
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IDE supports two devices in the IDE chain, whereas EIDE has two channels
with two devices in each channel (a total of four devices). |
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A hertz is known as a ____ cycle
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clock
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processors execute a command every ____
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hertz
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a processor running at 1MHz can execute one _____ tasks per second.
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million
(1 million clock cycles per second) |
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Original CPUs had a speed of about ____
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4.77MHz
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a single bit is either a ____ or a ____
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one or a zero
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the bus transfers data in ____ per second
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bits
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The CPU accesses memory locations through the ______ bus
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address
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if a processor is two bit, it has ____ address lines to access information from
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two.
one bit = one address line |
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The address lines carry signals that specify _____ of the memory
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locations
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The locations of memory are specified as a __ or a ___, and this means either on or off. This is how the reference to an area of memory is made.
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1, or a 0
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the more address lines, the more ______ the _____ can use to access memory, which creates more _____ memory
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variations, CPU, physical
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An old 80286 process has a 24 bit address bus. How many memory addresses can it access?
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2^24, or 16,777,216
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16,777,216 bytes is how many MB?
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16
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Processors store data temporarily within themselves to manipulate later via the
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registers.
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A processor with 16 bit registers has ___ "containers" to store information
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16
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When a processor goes to retrieve information it accesses ____ via the ____ controller. Once the data is retrieved, it stores it in the ____ to access a second time of need be.
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RAM, memory controller, cache.
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Intel 80486 chips were developed in ____
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1989
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80486 intel chips had ____ of ___ cache memory
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8K, L1
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the math co-processor is also known as the ____
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numeric processing unit (NPU)
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What does the math co-processor do?
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think about it... math... co... processor. It helps the CPU by figuring out complicated mathematical calculations, while the CPU focuses on logical calculations.
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All processors since the _____ have a math coprocessor integrated into the chip, but you could upgrade that processor by adding a ____ coprocessor chip
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80486, 80487
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real mode processors view ram as a ______, thus preventing ______
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single block, multitasking.
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protected mode processors support _____ by taking _____ and diving it into parts
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multitasking, RAM
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protected mode processors support _____ memory, which allows you to take part of the hard drive and use it as "pretend" memory.
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virtual
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After Pentium was developed, Intel introduced ____ which added ____ instructions in how to make the system deal with audio and video
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MMX (multimedia extensions)
57 |
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HTT stands for...
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Hyperthreading Technology
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What does hyperthreading do?
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it allows a CPU to act as two different processors
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What is a thread (in an application)?
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A thread is something in a program that executes in any given time. For example, in MS word one thread accepts keystrokes, and the other notices misspellings.
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A dual core processor combines _____ processors and the ____ cache into a single processor.
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two different, L1
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What is the advantage of a dual core processor?
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You can execute multiple threads in an application without hyperthreading because you essentially have two processors.
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Define Throttling
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A safety mechanism built into CPUs to cool themselves down when they're going to overheat. They decrease their workload.
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In a dual core processor, each separate CPU has it's own _____, but shares _____
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cache, L2 cache
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VRM
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voltage regulator module - sense what voltage the processor needs and supplies that voltage. Some systems use jumpers or detect it automatically
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chip packaging -
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defines the appearance or form factor of the chip
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DIP chip -
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Dual inline package chip. Two rows of 20 pins and were used in older CPUs such as the 8088
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DIP chips are still used for-
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BIOS chips and cache memory
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PGA chip-
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pin grid array chip. has hundreds of pins.
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how can you locate pin 1 on a PGA chip?
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It has the corner of the chip "cut off" and that's the corner that p1 is in.
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the original pentium processor was developed in ____ ran at speeds of ___ or ___ MHz
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1993, 60, 66
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Clock Multiplying -
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means that the processor will go faster than the motherboard that it sits in.
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instruction pipeline -
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runs code instructions on these, usually one at a time if there's only 1 pipeline
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superscalar design
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created more than one instruction pipeline, which allowed programs to be executed faster (parallel processing)
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Pentium Pro -
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Developed after the pentium, 64 bit data bus, 32 bit registers, increased address bus to 36 bits, which allowed it to access 64 GB of ram. speed is 120-200mhz
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What was special about the Pentium Pro?
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It had two chips, one with 16k of L1 cache and another with 256K of L2 cache, and it featured Dynamic Execution.
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Dynamic Execution has three stages:
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Multiple branch prediction, Dataflow analysis, Speculative execution
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Multiple branch prediction
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s the idea that the processor will look
ahead and predict a number of instructions that may be needed in the very near future. |
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Dataflow analysis
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occurs when the processor looks at the instructions it
has predicted will be needed next and then assigns them a logical order of execution. |
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Speculative execution
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is the actual execution of a given instruction
based on the prediction and the order of execution assigned. |
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the pentium pro was a socket
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8
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The pentium II was ___ Mhz to ___ Mhz
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233 - 450
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The Pentium II had a ___ bit data bus and a ___ bit address bus
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64, 32
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Passive heat sink means -
Active heat sink means |
passive - no fan
active - fan |
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EROM
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Erasable read only memory, a type of memory that manufacturers can write to with a device that uses an ultraviolet light.
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EEPROM
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electronically erasable programmable read only memory - better known as flash rom, memory you can write to with the programmers updates.
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DRAM -
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Dynamic RAM. DRAM needs to be constantly refreshed - reading the bits of data and rewriting it constantly. It's single ported, meaning you can read and write to it but not at the same time.
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Older memory measured it's speed in the time it took the ___ to access the data, but now it's measured in ____ which is typically the speed of the ____
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CPU, MHz, motherboard
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SRAM
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Static RAM - doesn't need to constantly be refreshed, is much faster than DRAM, but is also more expensive, and typically used for cache memory.
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Shadow RAM
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involves copying the BIOS from the BIOS ROM to RAM, and then reading it from RAM, because ROM is slower than RAM and it speeds the process up.
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VRAM is ____ which means it can be read from and written to at the same time.
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dual-ported
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WRAM is called ______ and is similar to ______ but runs ______% faster
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window ram/window accelerator card RAM, VRAM, 25%
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FPM stands for ______ and means:
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fast page mode, it increases DRAM performance by assuming that the next block of data is on the same row.
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