A Brief History Of School Guidance And Counseling In The United States

Front 1

Guidance (school) counseling formally started at the turn of the ___.

Back 1

Twentieth Century

Front 2

The foundations of counseling and guidance principles can be traced from ___.

Back 2

ancient Greece and Rome

with philosophical teachings of Plato (idealism) and Aristotle (realism)

Front 3

Some of the techniques and skills of modern-day guidance counseIors were practiced by ___, as can be seen by the dedication to the concept of confidentiality within the confessional.

Back 3

Catholic Priests in the Middle Ages

Front 4

Formal guidance programs using specialized textbooks did not start until the turn of the ___.

Back 4

Twentieth Century

Front 5

___ (1626) written by Tomaso Garzoni

Back 5

The Universal Plaza of All Professions of the World

Front 6

The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World (___) written by Tomaso Garzoni

Back 6

1626

Front 7

The Universal Plaza of All Professions of the World (1626) written by ___

Back 7

Tomaso Garzoni

Front 8

During the ___, the difficulties of people living in urban slums and the widespread use of child labor outraged many.

Back 8

Industrial Revolution

Front 9

One of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution was the ___ and shortly thereafter the ___.

Back 9

Compulsory Education Movement and Vocational Guidance Movement

Front 10

in its early days was concerned with guiding people into the workforce to become productive members of society

Back 10

Vocational Guidance Movement

Front 11

The social and political reformer ___ is often credited with being the father of vocational guidance movement.

Back 11

Frank Parsons

Front 12

The ___ brought the need for assessment of large groups of draftees, in large part to select appropriate people for leadership positions.

Back 12

United States' entry into World War I

Front 13

These early psychological assessments performed on large groups of people were quickly identified as being valuable tools to be used in the educational system, thus beginning the ___ that in the early twenty first century is still a strong aspect of U.S. public education.

Back 13

Standardized Testing Movement

Front 14

At the same time as the United States' entry into World War I, Vocational Guidance Movement was spreading throughout the country, so that by ___ more than 900 high schools had some type of vocational guidance system.

Back 14

1918

Front 15

In ___, the National Vocational Guidance Association was formed and helped legitimize and increase the number of guidance counselors.

Back 15

1913

Front 16

In 1913, the ___ was formed and helped legitimize and increase the number of guidance counselors.

Back 16

National Vocational Guidance Association

Front 17

Early vocational guidance counselors were often ___ appointed to assume the extra duties of the position in addition to their regular responsibilities.

Back 17

Teachers

Front 18

The ___ and ___ saw an expansion of counseling roles beyond working only with vocational concerns. Social, personal, and educational aspects of a student's life also need attention.

Back 18

1920s and 1930s

Front 19

After ___ a strong trend away from testing appeared.

Back 19

After World War II

Front 20

After World War II, a strong trend away from testing appeared. One of the main persons indirectly responsible for this shift was the American psychologist ___.

Back 20

Carl Rogers

Front 21

Many in the counseling field adopted his emphasis on "nondirective" (later called "client-centered") counseling.

Back 21

Carl Rogers

Front 22

Many in the counseling field adopted Carl Roger's emphasis on ___.

Back 22

Nondirective later called Client Centered Counseling

Front 23

published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 and Client Centered Therapy in 1951

Back 23

Carl Rogers

Front 24

Carl Rogers published ___ and ___.

Back 24

Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 and Client Centered Therapy in 1951

Front 25

These two works defined a new counseling theory in complete contrast to previous theories in psychology and counseling.

Back 25

Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 and Client Centered Therapy in 1951

Carl Rogers

Front 26

This new theory minimized counselor advice-giving and stressed the creation of conditions that left the client more in control of the counseling content.

Back 26

Nondirective later called Client Centered Counseling

Front 27

In ___, the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) was formed, furthering the professional identity of the school counselor.

Back 27

1950s

Front 28

In 1950s, the ___ was formed, furthering the professional identity of the school counselor.

Back 28

American School Counselor Association (ASCA)

Front 29

The work of ___, including his 1962 book The Counselor in a Changing World, brought to light the need for more cultural sensitivity on the part of school counselors.

Back 29

C. Gilbert Wrenn

Front 30

The work of C. Gilbert Wrenn, including his ___, brought to light the need for more cultural sensitivity on the part of school counselors.

Back 30

1962 The Counselor in a Changing World

Front 31

This work solidified the goals of the school counseling profession.

Back 31

C. Gilbert Wrenn

1962

The Counselor in a Changing World

Front 32

The ___ also brought many more counseling theories to the field, including Frederick Perl's gestalt therapy, William Glasser's reality therapy, Abraham Maslow and Rollo May's existential approach, John Krumboltz's behavioral counseling approach.

Back 32

1960s

Front 33

The 1960s also brought many more counseling theories to the field, including ___.

Back 33

Frederick Perl's Gestalt Therapy

William Glasser's Reality Therapy

Abraham Maslow and Rollo May's Existential Therapy

John Krumboltz's Behavioral Counseling Approach

Front 34

It was during this time that legislative support and an amendment to the NDEA provided funds for training and hiring school counselors with an elementary emphasis.

Back 34

1960s

Front 35

The ___ saw the development of training standards and criteria for school counseling.

Back 35

1980s

Front 36

This was also a time of more intense evaluation of education as a whole and counseling programs in particular.

Back 36

1980s

Front 37

compensated partially with the development of national standards for school counseling programs

Back 37

American School Counselor Association

Front 38

3 Core Domains

Back 38

1. Academic

2. Career

3. Personal-Social