A Beka Physical Science Chapter 16

Front 1

study of the behavior and motion of electrons in a vacuum or in special materials

Back 1

electronics

Front 2

a glass tube containing electrodes sealed in a vacuum

Back 2

vacuum tube

Front 3

negative electrode of a vacuum tube

Back 3

cathode

Front 4

positive electrode of a vacuum tube

Back 4

anode

Front 5

which way electrons flow in a vacuum tube

Back 5

enter through the cathode and leave through the anode

Front 6

particles that come from the cathode in a vacuum tube

Back 6

cathode rays

Front 7

designed a vacuum tube that would enable him to study cathode rays

Back 7

William Crookes

Front 8

designed so the streams of electrons would miss the anode and hit the glass tube instead

Back 8

cathode-ray tube

Front 9

coated the inside of the cathode-ray tube so the place where the cathode rays hit could be seen

Back 9

cathode-ray tube

Front 10

what cathode rays really are

Back 10

streams of electrons

Front 11

type of cathode-ray tube that can display pictures

Back 11

television picture tube

Front 12

cathode-ray tube that generates x-rays

Back 12

x-ray tube

Front 13

when electric current flows through a vacuum from a filament to a positive electrode

Back 13

thermionic emission

Front 14

discovered that thermionic emission allowed current to flow in only one direction

Back 14

Fleming

Front 15

a vacuum tube with a negatively charged filament and a positively charged plate

Back 15

diode

Front 16

purpose of the diode

Back 16

to allow electric current through in one direction only

Front 17

a modified cathode that has a third electrode

Back 17

triode

Front 18

benefit of a triode rather than a diode

Back 18

it can control the amount of current passing through

Front 19

which vacuum tube really paved the way for modern electronics

Back 19

triode

Front 20

a material that is not a good conductor or a good insulator

Back 20

semiconductor

Front 21

two semiconductors most frequently used in electronics

Back 21

silicon, germanium

Front 22

structure of most semiconductros

Back 22

crystalline

Front 23

process of replacing some atoms of a semiconductor with atoms of another element

Back 23

doping

Front 24

purpose of doping

Back 24

inscrease conductivity

Front 25

semiconductor that has extra electrons

Back 25

n-type semiconductor

Front 26

semiconductor that lacks electrons

Back 26

p-type semiconductor

Front 27

a semiconductor device that allows current flow in only one direction

Back 27

semiconductor diode

Front 28

kind of junction in a semiconductor diode

Back 28

p-n

Front 29

a semiconductor device that does what a vacuum-tube triode does

Back 29

transistor

Front 30

three types of transistors

Back 30

point-contact, junction, field-effect

Front 31

common types of transistors (when named by their layers)

Back 31

npn, pnp

Front 32

advantages of transistors over vacuum-tube devices

Back 32

smaller size, cheaper

Front 33

any device that is made of solid crystals of semiconductor

Back 33

solid-state device

Front 34

separation of charges using light

Back 34

photovoltaic effect

Front 35

a semiconductor device that produces electric current through the photovoltaic effect

Back 35

photovoltaic cell (solar cell)

Front 36

hundreds of photovoltaic cells hooked together

Back 36

solar panel

Front 37

packet of electromagnetic energy

Back 37

photon

Front 38

a semiconductor diode that emits visible light when electric current is applied

Back 38

light-emitting diode (LED)

Front 39

material in the most common semiconductor laser

Back 39

gallium aresenide

Front 40

a single piece of semiconductor containing an entire electronic circuit

Back 40

integrated circuit

Front 41

what an integrated circuit is coated with when being manufactured

Back 41

alternating layers of insulating material, semiconductor material, and conducting material

Front 42

advantages of integrated circuits

Back 42

cheaper, more reliable, extremely small

Front 43

extremely small machines made from microscopic components

Back 43

micromachines

Front 44

a device that processes information using electronic circuits

Back 44

computer

Front 45

pieces of information

Back 45

data

Front 46

simple counting device

Back 46

abacus

Front 47

built one of the first modern calculating machines

Back 47

Blaise Pascal

Front 48

wrote the first computer program

Back 48

Ada Lovelace

Front 49

the first general-purpose electronic computer

Back 49

ENIAC

Front 50

first mass-produced computer in US

Back 50

UNIVAC I

Front 51

two formats of data in an electrical circuit

Back 51

analog, digital

Front 52

values for analog data

Back 52

any value within a range

Front 53

values for digital data

Back 53

certain values within a range

Front 54

nearly all modern computers use digital or analog data

Back 54

digital

Front 55

system used by computers to represent data

Back 55

binary number system

Front 56

basis for the binary number system

Back 56

2

Front 57

binary digit

Back 57

bit; can only be 0 or 1

Front 58

how data is represented in a computer's actual circuits

Back 58

by the presence or absence of electric pulses

Front 59

a group of 8 bits

Back 59

byte

Front 60

number system based on sixteen, often used to store binary numbers

Back 60

hexadecimal number system

Front 61

What do you call the decimal system because it is based on 10? the binary system? the hexadecimal system

Back 61

base 10; base 2; base 16

Front 62

tells what character of the alphabet is represented by what number

Back 62

ASCII

Front 63

new code that replaced ASCII

Back 63

Unicode Standard

Front 64

SI prefixes used to measure computer data

Back 64

kilo, mega, giga, tera

Front 65

devices that produce a single binary output based on one or more binary inputs

Back 65

logic gates

Front 66

the most basic logic gates

Back 66

AND, OR, NOT

Front 67

the physical components of a computer

Back 67

hardware

Front 68

the three basic hardware systems of a computer

Back 68

processing, memory, input/output

Front 69

the brain of the computer

Back 69

central processing unit (CPU)

Front 70

a single chip containing a complete CPU

Back 70

microprocessor

Front 71

several CPUs on the same chip

Back 71

multicore processor

Front 72

processing that divides tasks among multiple CPUs to make a computer faster

Back 72

parallel processing or multiprocessing

Front 73

stores programs and information

Back 73

memory

Front 74

temporary storage

Back 74

RAM

Front 75

stores data needed to start a computer

Back 75

ROM

Front 76

permanently stores data

Back 76

mass storage device

Front 77

most common mass storage device

Back 77

hard disk drive

Front 78

CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs are examples

Back 78

optical disc

Front 79

a portable mass storage device that can be erased and rewritten on

Back 79

flash memory

Front 80

most common input devices

Back 80

keyboard, pointing device

Front 81

most common pointing device

Back 81

mouse

Front 82

other pointing devices

Back 82

touch pad, touch screen, graphics tablet

Front 83

most important output device

Back 83

video display

Front 84

other output devices

Back 84

printers

Front 85

device to send or receive data to and from other other computers

Back 85

modem

Front 86

modem that converts digital data to radio waves

Back 86

wireless modem

Front 87

circuit board connecting all the components of a computer

Back 87

motherboard

Front 88

stored information and instructions that allow a computer to complete tasks

Back 88

software

Front 89

single piece of software

Back 89

program

Front 90

two types of software

Back 90

system software and application software

Front 91

software that direct a computer to perform specific tasks

Back 91

application software

Front 92

software that directs the computer to perform basic functions need to operate

Back 92

sysem software

Front 93

a collection of programs that contains the most basic instruction such as displaying words and images on the screen, saving information, and detecting what is inputed

Back 93

operating system

Front 94

small programs that tell an operating system how to communicate with input/output devices

Back 94

drivers

Front 95

allows the computer to interact with a user using menus and pictures

Back 95

graphical user interface

Front 96

programs for typing and editing text

Back 96

word processors

Front 97

programs for recording and analyzing numbers

Back 97

spreadsheets

Front 98

programs used to design books, newsletters, etc.

Back 98

desktop publishing software

Front 99

binary form

Back 99

machine language

Front 100

internal memory a CPU uses to store information about current calculations

Back 100

register

Front 101

form that resembles human language

Back 101

programming language

Front 102

program which converts source code into machine code

Back 102

compiler

Front 103

describes what happens when there are errors in a program code

Back 103

GIGO

Front 104

more than one computer linked

Back 104

computer network

Front 105

small network typically all in one physical location

Back 105

local area network (LAN)

Front 106

largest computer network in the world

Back 106

Internet

Front 107

the public part of the Internet

Back 107

World Wide Web

Front 108

system for communicating with a specific person via computer network

Back 108

electronic mail

Front 109

other systems for communicating over the INternet

Back 109

chat, instant messaging, voice over IP, video chat

Front 110

system of using the Internet to access remote resources that store your data

Back 110

cloud computing

Front 111

two main types of computers

Back 111

general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers

Front 112

most common general-purpose computer

Back 112

personal computer

Front 113

a computer which can be accessed by many user at once, providing requested data

Back 113

serve

Front 114

types of servers

Back 114

file server, Web server, mail server, game server

Front 115

multiple servers linked together

Back 115

server farm

Front 116

large computers designed to store information

Back 116

mainframe

Front 117

most powerful computers

Back 117

supercomputers

Front 118

special-purpose computer found in a car

Back 118

antilock braking system

Front 119

a versatile, computer-directed machine that can be programmed to do a task

Back 119

robot

Front 120

ocean-exploring robot

Back 120

Autonomous Benthic Explorer