A Beka Biology Chapter 8

Front 1

scientist who studies the nervous system

Back 1

neurobiologist

Front 2

doctor who specializes in disorders of the nervous system

Back 2

neurologist

Front 3

two divisions of the nervous system

Back 3

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Front 4

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Back 4

central nervous system

Front 5

consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord

Back 5

peripheral nervous system

Front 6

the main organ of the nervous system

Back 6

brain

Front 7

thick bundle of nerve fibers in the spinal cavity

Back 7

spinal cord

Front 8

pairs of nerves that extend from spinal cord

Back 8

spinal nerves

Front 9

number of spinal nerves

Back 9

31 pairs

Front 10

nerves that branch from the brain stem

Back 10

cranial nerves

Front 11

number of cranial nerves

Back 11

12 pairs

Front 12

layer of protective tissues around the brain and spinal cord

Back 12

meninges

Front 13

outer layer of the meninges

Back 13

dura mater

Front 14

middle layer of the meninges

Back 14

arachnoid

Front 15

inner layer of the meninges

Back 15

pia mater

Front 16

clear fluid that circulates through the meninges

Back 16

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 17

two basic kinds of cells in brain and spinal cord

Back 17

glial cells, neurons

Front 18

nerve cells

Back 18

neurons

Front 19

cells that support and insulate nerve tissue

Back 19

glial cells

Front 20

contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell's cytoplasm

Back 20

cell body

Front 21

short, branched extension of a nerve cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body

Back 21

dendrite

Front 22

relays nerve impulses from the nerve cell to other neurons

Back 22

axon

Front 23

direction nerve impulses travel

Back 23

from the dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon

Front 24

made up mainly of cell bodies of neurons

Back 24

gray matter

Front 25

covers most cell bodies but not in the brain

Back 25

myelin

Front 26

part of the brains cells that are made of composed of axons and glial cells with myelin

Back 26

white matter

Front 27

a mass of cell bodies

Back 27

ganglion

Front 28

large nerve mass

Back 28

plexus

Front 29

group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

Back 29

nerve center

Front 30

three main kinds of neurons by function

Back 30

sensory, motor, interneurons

Front 31

neurons that relay signals from the CNS to the other parts of the body

Back 31

motor neurons

Front 32

neurons that transmit information to the CNS from the senses

Back 32

sensory neurons

Front 33

neurons found only in the CNS

Back 33

interneurons

Front 34

seals on the capillary walls of the neurons in the CNS

Back 34

blood-brain barrier

Front 35

bacterial or viral infection of the meninges

Back 35

meningitis

Front 36

a state of prolonged unconsciousness

Back 36

coma

Front 37

viral disease that attacks the spinal cord

Back 37

poliomyelitis

Front 38

one of the longest nerves in the body, connects the leg extremities to the spinal cord

Back 38

sciatic nerve

Front 39

nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers

Back 39

mixed nerves

Front 40

the part of the PNS that controls the heart and other internal organs

Back 40

autonomic nervous system

Front 41

turns organs and glands on and off at the right time

Back 41

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system

Front 42

responds to increased activity and emergency situations

Back 42

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Front 43

counteracts the actions of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 43

parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Front 44

produce layers of myelin sheathing that act like insulations

Back 44

Schwann cells

Front 45

disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks glial cells that provide myelin sheaths

Back 45

multiple sclerosis

Front 46

inability of muscles to move

Back 46

paralysis

Front 47

wave of electrical activity that means a nerve cell is ready to act

Back 47

action potential

Front 48

an enclosed junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another one

Back 48

synapse

Front 49

chemical released into the synapse during action potential

Back 49

neurotransmitter

Front 50

disease that affects a person's control of posture and movement

Back 50

Parkinson's disease

Front 51

a quick, automatic response of the nerves

Back 51

reflex

Front 52

simplest nerve pathway, allows impulses to bypass the brain

Back 52

reflex arc

Front 53

upper part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors

Back 53

cerebrum

Front 54

lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

Back 54

cerebellum

Front 55

part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary activities

Back 55

brain stem

Front 56

two halves of the cerebrum

Back 56

right and left hemispheres

Front 57

groove between the right and left hemispheres

Back 57

longitudinal fissure

Front 58

mass of nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres

Back 58

corpus callosum

Front 59

outer layer of the cerebrum

Back 59

cerebral cortex

Front 60

regions of cerebrum that correspond to cranium bones

Back 60

lobes

Front 61

the four pairs of lobes

Back 61

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes

Front 62

what the front part of the frontal lobes does

Back 62

affects personality, judgment, self-control

Front 63

what the back part of the frontal lobes does

Back 63

controls voluntary movement

Front 64

name for back part of the frontal lobes

Back 64

motor area

Front 65

lobes that control sight

Back 65

occipital lobes

Front 66

lobes that control hearing, taste, and smell

Back 66

temporal lobes

Front 67

damage to the cerebral motor area

Back 67

cerebral palsy

Front 68

second largest brain part

Back 68

cerebellum

Front 69

handles most complex muscle coordination

Back 69

cerebellum

Front 70

lowest part of the brain stem; monitors and regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and other vital functions

Back 70

medulla oblongata

Front 71

links the cerebrum and cerebellum and helps regulate breathing

Back 71

pons

Front 72

helps coordinate the movements of both eyes, adjusts the size of the pupils, and operates the lens muscles

Back 72

midbrain

Front 73

the master switch of the cerebrum

Back 73

reticular formation

Front 74

structures clustered around the brain stem

Back 74

limbic system

Front 75

upper part of the brain stem, acts like a switchboard

Back 75

thalamus

Front 76

specific part of brain stem that controls automatic functions

Back 76

hypothalamus

Front 77

responsible for the physical effects of emotions

Back 77

hypothalamus

Front 78

processes factual memories for storage

Back 78

hippocampus

Front 79

generates emotions and processes emotional memories

Back 79

amygdala

Front 80

idea that human behavior can be completely explained as responses to stimuli

Back 80

behaviorism

Front 81

deafness that results from repeated or prolonged exposure to loud sounds

Back 81

sensorineural deafness

Front 82

scientific measure of loudness

Back 82

90-100 decibels

Front 83

periods of sleep during which people dream

Back 83

REM sleep

Front 84

one of the most commonly abused drugs

Back 84

alcohol

Front 85

kind of drug that alcohol is

Back 85

depressant

Front 86

the only organ that can break down alcohol

Back 86

liver

Front 87

degeneration and inflammation of nerves

Back 87

neuritis

Front 88

pain in the lower back and back of the thigh caused b a pinched nerve in the lower spinal cord

Back 88

sciatica

Front 89

most common serious injury of the nervous system and a leading cause of death

Back 89

stroke

Front 90

period of paralysis of the CNS caused by a blow to the head

Back 90

concussion

Front 91

loss of memory

Back 91

amnesia

Front 92

a prolonged unconscious state that may or may not be reversible

Back 92

coma

Front 93

severe spasms of the jaw muscles which make opening the mouth difficult

Back 93

tetanus (lockjaw)

Front 94

one of the most common mental disorders in the elderly, caused by physical illness

Back 94

acute confusion

Front 95

disorder resulting from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss around age 70-80

Back 95

senile dementia

Front 96

caused by the death of brain cells due to restricted blood supply

Back 96

arteriosclerosis dementia

Front 97

has symptoms similar to dementia but worse and occurring earlier in life and affected both mental and physical abilities

Back 97

Alzheimer's disease

Front 98

common disorder affecting people of all ages when neurons malfunction, causing muscle convulsions

Back 98

epilepsy

Front 99

relays information to the spinal cord or brain by living sensors

Back 99

sensory receptors

Front 100

two groups of sensory neurons

Back 100

somatic senses and special senses

Front 101

the senses of the skin

Back 101

somatic senses

Front 102

sight, hearing, smell, taste, balance

Back 102

special senses

Front 103

examples of sense organs

Back 103

eyes, ears, taste buds

Front 104

sensory receptors that react to a certain type of strong stimulus

Back 104

pain receptors

Front 105

sensory receptors responsible for touch and pressure

Back 105

mechanoreceptors

Front 106

sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature

Back 106

thermoreceptors

Front 107

sensory receptors that result in taste and smell

Back 107

chemoreceptors

Front 108

organs responsible for taste

Back 108

taste buds

Front 109

connects the nose's sensory receptors to the brain

Back 109

olfactory nerve

Front 110

three main parts of the ear

Back 110

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Front 111

lines the outer ear canal

Back 111

hairs and wax glands

Front 112

membrane stretched across the outer ear canal, responds to vibrations

Back 112

eardrum

Front 113

three tiny bones in the middle ear

Back 113

malleus, incus, and stapes

Front 114

the actual organ of hearing

Back 114

inner ear

Front 115

coiled tube in the inner ear

Back 115

cochlea

Front 116

carries signals from the ear to the brain

Back 116

auditory nerve

Front 117

3 fluid-filled tubes which sense balance

Back 117

semicircular canals

Front 118

hearing through vibrations in your jaws

Back 118

bone conduction

Front 119

ringing in the ears

Back 119

tinnitus

Front 120

damage to the eardrum that can cause hearing loss

Back 120

eardrum puncture

Front 121

common ear problem among infants and young children

Back 121

ear infections

Front 122

tube from the throat to the middle ear

Back 122

eustachian tube

Front 123

protect the eye from injury

Back 123

socket and eyelid

Front 124

tear glands

Back 124

lacrimal glands

Front 125

washes the eyes

Back 125

tears

Front 126

bacteria-destroying enzyme in tears

Back 126

lysozyme

Front 127

muscles that move the eyes

Back 127

extrinsic muscles

Front 128

the white of the eye, tough layer of protective tissue

Back 128

sclera

Front 129

the middle layer of the eye

Back 129

uvea

Front 130

three parts of the uvea

Back 130

iris, ciliary body, choroid

Front 131

innermost layer of the eye, most important part for vision

Back 131

retina

Front 132

transparent part of the eye

Back 132

cornea

Front 133

connective tissue in the middle eye, rich in blood vessels

Back 133

choroid

Front 134

colored part of the eye

Back 134

iris

Front 135

opening in the eye

Back 135

pupil

Front 136

two kinds of light-sensitive cells in the retina

Back 136

rods, cones

Front 137

depression on the retina, area that produces the clearest vision

Back 137

fovea

Front 138

relays messages from the eye to the brain

Back 138

optic nerve

Front 139

point on the retina where the optic nerve connects

Back 139

blind spot

Front 140

place where the two optic nerves meet

Back 140

optic chiasm

Front 141

light-absorbing substance in rod cells

Back 141

rhodopsin

Front 142

phenomenon whereby and image on the retina remains briefly after it is no longer in sight

Back 142

persistence of vision

Front 143

clear fluid in the eye

Back 143

aqueous humor

Front 144

part of the eye that focuses rays of light

Back 144

lens

Front 145

increase in curvature of the lens to focus on nearby objects

Back 145

accommodation

Front 146

transparent, jellylike substance in the rear of the eye

Back 146

vitreous humor

Front 147

ability to see only near objects clearly

Back 147

nearsightedness or myopia

Front 148

ability to see only far objects clearly

Back 148

farsightedness or hyperopia

Front 149

problem with focusing

Back 149

astigmatism

Front 150

farsightedness caused by age

Back 150

presbyopia

Front 151

inability to distinguish one or more primary colors

Back 151

colorblind

Front 152

caused by lack of vitamin A, inability to see in dim places

Back 152

night blindness

Front 153

condition in which there is pressure in the eye, damaging the retina

Back 153

glaucoma