A Beka Biology Chapter 2

Front 1

a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism

Back 1

system

Front 2

the part of the plant that is ordinarily underground

Back 2

root system

Front 3

the part of the plant that is ordinarily aboveground

Back 3

shoot system

Front 4

a structure within a system that has a definite form and performs a definite function

Back 4

organ

Front 5

the three basic leaf shapes

Back 5

broad and flat, long and narrow, needle-like or scalelike

Front 6

two main parts of a simple leaf

Back 6

blade, petiole

Front 7

the green part of a leaf

Back 7

blade

Front 8

the edge of a leaf

Back 8

margin

Front 9

kinds of leaf margins

Back 9

entire, toothed, lobed

Front 10

part of the leaf that attaches it to the stem

Back 10

petiole

Front 11

leaves without a petiole

Back 11

sessile leaves

Front 12

small leaflike or scalelike structures that help cover the leaf while it is developing

Back 12

stipules

Front 13

contain developing leaves or stems

Back 13

buds

Front 14

leaves that have one blade on every petiole

Back 14

simple leaves

Front 15

leaves that have more than one blade on every petiole

Back 15

compound leaves

Front 16

the blades on a compound leaf

Back 16

leaflet

Front 17

the points on a stem from which leaves grow

Back 17

nodes

Front 18

the four kinds of node arrangements

Back 18

opposite, alternate, whorled, rosette

Front 19

the growth response of a plant stimulated by light

Back 19

phototropism

Front 20

living material which performs a particular task for an organ

Back 20

tissue

Front 21

three kinds of plant tissue

Back 21

structural, vascular, meristematic

Front 22

four types of structural tissue

Back 22

epidermal, cork, parenchyma, support and strengthening

Front 23

tissue that protects and covers plant parts

Back 23

epidermal tissue

Front 24

waxy substance that helps a plant hold water

Back 24

cuticle layer

Front 25

specialized cells on roots that absorb water and nutrients for the root

Back 25

root hairs

Front 26

forms the outer bark

Back 26

cork tissue

Front 27

purpose of cork tissue

Back 27

protect and waterproof the stems and some roots

Front 28

purpose of parenchyma tissue

Back 28

makes and stores food

Front 29

tissue that runs through roots, stems, and leaf veins

Back 29

support and strengthening tissue

Front 30

sap-conducting tissues

Back 30

vascular tissue

Front 31

the sweet liquid found in the vascular tissue of plants

Back 31

sap

Front 32

two types of sap

Back 32

water with dissolved minerals, food materials

Front 33

purpose of meristematic tissue

Back 33

growth and repair of plants

Front 34

where meristematic tissue is present

Back 34

growth regions

Front 35

internal growth region of a plant

Back 35

cambium layer

Front 36

produces new vascular tissue

Back 36

vascular cambium

Front 37

produces new cork tissue

Back 37

cork cambium

Front 38

covers and protects the upper and lower leaf surfaces

Back 38

epidermis

Front 39

tiny openings in the lower epidermis of leaves

Back 39

stomata

Front 40

the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems

Back 40

transpiration

Front 41

crescent-shaped cells that expand and contract to open and close each stoma

Back 41

guard cells

Front 42

hairlike structures covering the epidermis of some plants

Back 42

leaf hairs

Front 43

the middle part of a leaf where photosynthesis takes place

Back 43

mesophyll

Front 44

the basic structural unit of all living things

Back 44

cell

Front 45

surrounds and guards the cell

Back 45

cell membrane

Front 46

spherical cell part located near the center

Back 46

nucleus

Front 47

the fluid medium of the cell

Back 47

cytoplasm

Front 48

"little organs" found in a cell

Back 48

organelles

Front 49

goes around the outside of the cell membrane

Back 49

cell wall

Front 50

a complex carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose

Back 50

cellulose

Front 51

a substance which stiffens the walls of woody cells in trees and shrubs

Back 51

lignin

Front 52

chemical "factories" in a cell

Back 52

chloroplasts

Front 53

the green pigment in plants

Back 53

chlorophyll

Front 54

the pattern of a leafs veins

Back 54

venation

Front 55

vein pattern characteristic of monocots in which veins are parallel for the length of the leaf

Back 55

parallel venation

Front 56

vein pattern with one major vein and smaller veins extending from it

Back 56

pinnate venation

Front 57

vein pattern with two or more major veins extending outward from one point

Back 57

palmate venation

Front 58

the major vein in pinnate venation

Back 58

midrib

Front 59

the storage structures in cells

Back 59

vacuoles

Front 60

organisms which make their own food

Back 60

autotrophs

Front 61

organisms which obtain food from other organisms

Back 61

heterotrophs

Front 62

the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy

Back 62

photosynthesis

Front 63

specialized disks in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

Back 63

thylakoids

Front 64

simple sugar produced in plants

Back 64

glucose

Front 65

the process of burning sugars to create energy

Back 65

cellular respiration

Front 66

table sugar

Back 66

sucrose

Front 67

a long, chainlike molecule consisting of thousands of glucose molecules linked together

Back 67

starch

Front 68

things needed for photosynthesis

Back 68

water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, temperature

Front 69

yellow pigment in leaves

Back 69

xanthophyll

Front 70

yellowish-orange pigment in leaves

Back 70

carotene

Front 71

red, blue, and purple pigment in leaves

Back 71

anthocyanin

Front 72

layer of cells that form at the base of a petiole and cut the leaf off

Back 72

abscission layer

Front 73

enzyme that weaken the cell walls of the abscission layer

Back 73

cellulase

Front 74

water pressure in guard cells

Back 74

turgor pressure

Front 75

what guard cells are when they are full of water

Back 75

turgid

Front 76

factors affecting the rate of transpiration

Back 76

humidity, temperature, intensity of sunlight, wind speed, amount of carbon dioxide in the air, amount of soil water available

Front 77

occurs when transpiration takes place faster than roots can absorb soil water

Back 77

temporary wilting

Front 78

occurs when there is not sufficient water for the plant

Back 78

permanent wilting

Front 79

a leaf which has a special design for a special task

Back 79

special leaf

Front 80

special leaves of vines which hold the vine upright by coiling around support structures

Back 80

tendrils

Front 81

special protective leaves in cacti

Back 81

spines

Front 82

plants that eat insects

Back 82

insectivorous plants

Front 83

the main plant organs

Back 83

root, stem, leaf, flower

Front 84

carries water and dissolved minerals upward

Back 84

xylem

Front 85

carries food downward

Back 85

phloem

Front 86

run through the mesophyll layers and contain vascular tissue

Back 86

veins