Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Alimentary Canal
|
food tube
|
|
|
accessory organs
|
create, store, release digestive enzymes
|
|
|
digestion
|
breaking down food
|
|
|
physical digestion
|
biting, chewing, crunching, grindeing
|
|
|
chemical digestion
|
enzyme action
|
|
|
absorption
|
transport of digested nutrients into blood stream
|
|
|
mucosa(mucous membrane)
|
inner epithelium that secretes, absorbs, and protects
|
|
|
submucosa
|
connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels
|
|
|
muscular layer
|
two layers
inner circular fibers- squeezes closed like a sphincter outer longitudinal fibers- shortens |
|
|
serosa(serous membrane)
|
visceral peritoneum and connective tissue that moistens and lubricates
|
|
|
mastication
|
physically grinding and mixing saliva
|
|
|
salivary glands
|
secrete saliva & is a mixture or serous and mucous
|
|
|
parotid glands
|
largest, between cheek skin and masseter muscle
|
|
|
submandibular glands
|
floor of the mouth open near frenulum
|
|
|
sublingual glands
|
smallest, more viscous secretion
|
|
|
nasopharynx
|
connects nasal cavity to back of mouth
|
|
|
oropharynx
|
back of mouth
|
|
|
laryngopharynx
|
below mouth to larynx
|
|
|
deglutition
|
swallowing
|
|
|
peristalsis
|
wavelike motion takes food down esophagus
|
|
|
cardiac region
|
entrance to stomach
|
|
|
fundic region
|
temporary storage at top of stomach
|
|
|
body
|
main fuctioning part
|
|
|
pyloric region
|
exit of stomach
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
point of no return
|
|
|
rugae
|
folds that mix and grind food
|
|
|
stomach secretions
|
pepsin
HCL Lipase Intrinsic factor |
|
|
pepsin
|
begins to break down proteins
|
|
|
HCL
|
acid, converts pepsinogen to pepsin
|
|
|
Lipase
|
breaks down lipids
|
|
|
intrinsic factor
|
required for absorption of B12 vitamins
|
|
|
cephalic phase
|
sight, taste, smell, or thought of food triggers parasympathetic reflexes
|
|
|
gastric phase
|
food in stomach causes release of gastrin, stimulates gastric juice secretion
|
|
|
intestinal phase
|
food in intestine causes release of gastrin, stimulates gastric juice secretion
|
|
|
pancreas secretions
|
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase nuclease trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase |
|
|
macronutrients
|
carbohydrates
proteins lipids |
|
|
micronutrients
|
minerals
vitamins |
|
|
glycogenesis
|
excess glucose is converted by the liver into glycogen and is stored in the live and muscle for later use
|
|
|
lipogenesis
|
excess glucose beyond the glycogen storage capacity is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue
|
|
|
gluconeogenesis
|
the supply of glucose runs out and the body creates more from proteins and other molecules
|
|
|
Saturated fats
|
meat
eggs milk lard palm and coconut oils |
|
|
Unsaturated fats
|
seeds
nuts plant oils |
|
|
fat soluble vitamins
|
A
D E K |
|
|
water soluble vitamins
|
thiamine
riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid vitamin b6 cyannocobalamin folacin biotin ascorbic acid/vitamin C |
|
|
Major minerals
|
calcium
phosphorus potassium sulfur sodium chlorine magnesium |
|
|
trace elements
|
iron
manganese copper iodine cobalt zinc fluorine selenium chromium |
|
|
tidal volume
|
amount of air that moves in and out in a normal respiratory cycle
|
|
|
inspiratory reserve
|
amount of "extra" air that can be breathed in
|
|
|
expiratory reserve
|
amount of "extra" air that can be breathed out
|
|
|
residual volume
|
amount of air that stays in the lungs
|
|
|
vital capacity
|
the largest amount of air that can be breathed out
|
|
|
total lung capacity
|
vital capacity plus residual volume
|
|
|
movements
|
mixing food
propelling food forward through the system |
|
|
innervation
|
sympathetic nerves inhibit digestion
parasympathetic nerves increase activity |
|
|
tongue
|
attached with frenulum
covered with papillae root of tongue covered by lingual tonsils |
|
|
hard palate
|
for mastication
|
|
|
soft palate
|
for swallowing
|
|
|
uvula
|
covers nasal cavity during swallowing
|
|
|
palatine tonsils
|
on sides of the palate
|
|
|
pharyngeal tonsils
|
above back of palate
|
|
|
teeth
|
hardest structures in body
|
|
|
teeth not considered bones
|
because they have 2 proteins not found in bones & different structure
|
|
|
3 stages of deglutition
|
voluntary
involuntary peristalsis |
|
|
esophagus
|
straight collapsible tube, 25 cm long, remains closed until deglutition
CARRIES FOOD TO STOMACH |
|
|
PANCREAS
|
DIGESTIVE FUNCTION IS EXOCRINE IN NATURE
|
|
|
liver
|
largest internal organ
|
|
|
carbohydrate metabolism
|
done by liver (glycogen)
glucose---> glycogen |
|
|
lipid metabolism
|
controlled by liver
produces bile which emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets |
|
|
protein metabolism
|
controlled by liver
deaminating amino acids, forming urea, synthesizing plasma proteins and clotting factors |
|
|
bile
|
chemical NOT an enzyme
yellowish green liquid secreted by hepatic cells contains water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes |
|
|
gall bladder
|
located on inferior surface of liver
stores concentrates and releases bile stimulated by cholecystokinin to release bile into the small intestine |
|
|
hepatopancreatic sphincter
|
muscle remains closed between meals causing bile to back into the gall bladder
|
|
|
small intestine
|
finishes digestion, absorbs nutrients, transports undigested/unabsorbed material to large intestine
suspended by the mesentery membrane the omentum membrane covers the ventral side lined with villi simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
3 parts of the small intestine
|
duodenum- short fixed
jejunum- longer, more mobile ileum- longest |
|
|
secretions from the small intestine
|
peptidase
sucrase maltase lactase lipase |
|
|
peptidase
|
breaks down peptides into amino acids
|
|
|
cecum (large intestine)
|
blind pouch at beginning of large intestine
|
|
|
vermiform appendix (l.i.)
|
blind pouch off of cecum
|
|
|
parts of the colon
|
ascending colon
transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal anus haustra |
|
|
anal canal
|
end of the alimentary canal
|
|
|
anus
|
opening controlled by 2 sets of sphincters
|
|
|
haustra
|
pouches in intestine
|
|
|
large intestine function
|
absorbs water & electrolytes
expels feces composed of: water undigested matter electrolytes mucus bacteria |
|
|
carbohydrates
|
4 calories/g
|
|
|
complex carbs(polysaccharides)
(big & long) |
starch from grains & vegetables
glycogen from meat |
|
|
simple carbs (disaccharides, monosaccharides)
|
milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses, honey, fruits
|
|
|
cellulose
|
complex carbohydrate found in plants that is not digestible in humans
|
|
|
lipids
|
9 calories/g
|
|
|
lipids
|
energy storage/ long- term supply
digested & absorbed fatty acids may be converted to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle |
|
|
essential fatty acids
|
liver can NOT make certain fatty acids which temed
|
|
|
proteins
|
4 calories/g
|
|
|
primary bronchi
|
right and left
|
|
|
secondary bronchi
|
3 right & 2 left ( 1 for each lobe)
|
|
|
tertiary bronchi
|
10 right & 8 left
|
|
|
intralobular bronchioles
|
one for each lobule
|
|
|
terminal bronchioles
|
50-80/ lobule (no alveolus)
|
|
|
respiratory bronchioles
|
smallest branches, have individual alveoli on them
|
|
|
alveolar ducts
|
have alveolar sacs on them
|
|
|
larynx single cartilages
|
throid, cricoids, epiglottic
|
|
|
larynx paired cartilages
|
arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
|
|
|
nose
|
bone, cartilage, muscle, skin support nose
internal hairs filter larger dirt particles external nares (nostrils) entrance for air (awning) |
|
|
nasal septum
|
divides nasal cavity in half
|
|
|
nasal conchae
|
increase surface area and cause air to whirl
|
|
|
paranasal sinuses
|
reduce weight of the skull, affect voice
|
|
|
pharynx(throat)
|
connects respiratory and digestive systems
|
|
|
larynx (voice box/Adams's apple)
|
keeps food from going down wrong tube
|
|
|
trachea (windpipe)
|
extends anterior to the esophagus
flexible with c shaped cartilage rings, remains open but allows swallowing ciliated epithelium lining |
|
|
alveolar sacs
|
clusters of alveoli
|
|
|
alveoli
|
individual air sac where gas exchange occurs with the blood
(O2 for CO2) |
|
|
lungs
|
soft, spongy, cone-shaped
bronchus and blood vessels enter at the hilum separated by the heart/pericardium and other organs of the mediastinum |
|
|
visceral pleura membrane
|
one thats on there
|
|
|
parietal
|
one that touches the rib cage
|
|
|
pleural cavity
|
potential space
|
|
|
inspiration
|
the diaphragm contracts (goes down), opening the lungs
surface tension holds the pleural membranes together surfactant reduces surface tension inside the alveoli atmospheric pressure forces air into the open lungs |
|
|
expiration
|
elastic recoil and surface tension cause normal expiration
forced expiration is aided by thoracic and abdominal wall muscles |
|
|
factors affecting breathing
|
chemicals (chemoreceptors)
lung tissue stretching emotions |
|
|
kidneys
|
filter blood
|
|
|
ureters
|
drain urine from kidneys
|
|
|
urinary bladder
|
stores urine
|
|
|
urethra
|
drains bladder
|
|
|
renal sinus
|
hollowed internal cavity connected to hilum
|
|
|
renal pelvis
|
funnel-shaped top of ureter
|
|
|
renal medulla
|
made of renal pyramids
stringy in texture bases of pyramids towards the convex surface |
|
|
renal cortex
|
forms shell around medulla
granular in texture extends into medulla to form renal columns between the pyramids |
|
|
renal capsule
|
fibrous membrane surrounding each kidney
|
|
|
kidney secretions
|
erythropoietin- controls rate of rbc production
rennin- regulates blood pressure activates vitamin D- regulate absorption of calcium |
|
|
nephron
|
structural and functional unit of kidney
|
|
|
glomerulus
|
starting point of urinary system; knot of blood capillaries
|
|
|
glomerular capsule(Bowman's capsule)
|
urinary sac surrounding the glomerulus
|
|
|
renal tubule
|
leads away from glomerular capsule
proximal convuluted tube loop of henle distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
collecting duct
|
several distal convoluted tubules merge to form a collecting duct
joins other ducts enter a minor calyx through renal papilla |
|
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
where distal convoluted tube touches afferent and efferent arterioles at the entrance to the glomerlar apsule
|
|
|
macula densa
|
densely packed, tall epithelium of dct
|
|
|
juxtaglomerular cells
|
large, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole
|
