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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The body has 2 control systems. Name them.
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Nervous system
Endocrine System |
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Name the 2 functions of the nervous system.
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Motor function and Integrative function.
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Name the 3 parts of the nervous system.
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Central NS
Peripheral NS Enteric NS |
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what are the two structures of the NS?
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Brain and Spinal Cord.
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what is described as the long thin extension of the brain?
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spinal cord.
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The PNS consists of what?
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cranial and spinal nerves and anything outside of the CNS.
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The Enteric nervous system is mainly focused on what function?
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digestion.
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How many pair of cranial nerves are there?
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12
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Sensory pathways to the brain are called?
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afferent pathways.
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Sensory pathways from the brain are called?
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efferent pathways.
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How many pair of spinal nerves? Give an example.
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31 pair. cervial brachial thoracic...based on the area that they serve.
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Sensory tracts going up to the brain?
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Ascending tracts
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Motor tracts going from the brain?
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Descending tracts
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What tracts connect our sensory motor information?
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Association tracts.
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Which nervous system is voluntary?
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Somatic
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Which nervous system is involuntary?
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Autonomic
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which part of the autonomic nervous system let's us operate at a "quiet normal condition"?
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Parasympathetic division
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is "fight or flight"?
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Name the 6 types of nervous tissue cells.
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Astrocytes, Oligodendracytes, Microglia, Ependymal, Schwann and Satellite.
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what are glial cells?
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cancer producing astrocytoma cells. they produce gliomas.
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Which cells produce the blood brain barrier?
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astrocytes.
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Astrocytes or "star cells" have many functions, they let glucose in and CO2 and waste out, they release dopamine into the brain, the produce the blood brain barrier...what is another main function of the astrocytes?
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they anchor structures of the brain together using processes which stabilizes the brain.
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What is the main function of Oligodendrocytes?
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maintain and form the myelin. decide what pathways get mylelinated.
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What is the function of the myelin?
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provides insulation, conducts faster and helps repair.
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What determines what pathways get myelinated?
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how often you use them. more use= more mylenization.
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Who are the "janitors" of this cell group? They are phagocytes.
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Microglia....they do clean up and repair.
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Who is supposed to provid immunity but doesn't?
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Microglia
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What columnar cell with cilia circulates the CSF by beating their cilia?
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Ependymal cells
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CFS "seeps" out of which cells?
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Astrocytes.
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What two cells are found in the PNS?
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Schwann cells and Satellite cells.
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What is the function of Swann cells?
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to produce myelin in the PNS.
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What are the signs that myelin in being produced in the PNS?
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fast conduction and repairs are made if a process is cut.
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What color matter does myelin create?
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white
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If you have gray matter with no repair and slow conduction, what kind of PNS cell are you dealing with?
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unmyelinated.
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when looking at the anatomy of a neuron, what is the process that sends out information always in a one way circuit?
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Axons
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What is the process that collects and brings information into the neuron?
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Dendrites.
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what is the "hot dog link" in the neuron called?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What is the Node of Ranvier?
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it is a gap in the myelin that occur on a myelinated process that exposes a bare axon.
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Where are proteins made in the motor neuron?
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nissl bodies
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What contains neurotransmitters that allow the neuron to communicate?
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synaptic end bulbs
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What is the covering or membrane of the neuron?
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Neurolemma
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What is the resting potential of a neuron?
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70 millivolts
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What is the action potential of a neuron?
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threshhold stimulus
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A neuron uses ATP for engery in a process to move ions. What is this process called?
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active transport
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During active transport what is pumped to the outside of the cell?
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Sodium ions
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Once an ion is fully charged and polarized, it is said to be at it's what?
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resting potential
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During active transport what is pumped to the inside of the cell?
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Potassium (K)
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What is the "action potential" of a neuron?
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threshold stimulus
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During threshold stimulus, the cells are termed?
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All or nothing cells.
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Which stimulus opens the pores?
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threshold stimulus
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What is it called when voltage gated channels in proteins open then close?
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depolarization
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What is the failure of a nerve to repolarize called? also called a "need for rest".
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Neural fatigue
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Saltatory conduction requires what?
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myelinated axons
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When Schwann cells put myelin around axons and the signal jumps from node to node, the energy required is less. what is the kind of conduction called?
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saltatory conduction
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What is the end of a neuron where electricity stops and chemistry begins?
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synapse
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the very end of a synapse is where chemicals are stored is called what?
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synaptic end bulb
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List the two ways neurotransmitters work?
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destruction
reuptake |
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ACH works by which method?
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destruction
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Which method is used when seratonin goes across, detaches and is then returned to where it came from?
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reuptake
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what must happen before a neurotransmitter can be released?
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the ion must enter the bulb.
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What is it called when voltage gated channels in proteins open then close?
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depolarization
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What is the failure of a nerve to repolarize called? also called a "need for rest".
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Neural fatigue
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Saltatory conduction requires what?
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myelinated axons
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When Schwann cells put myelin around axons and the signal jumps from node to node, the energy required is less. what is the kind of conduction called?
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saltatory conduction
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What is the end of a neuron where electricity stops and chemistry begins?
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synapse
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the very end of a synapse is where chemicals are stored is called what?
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synaptic end bulb
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List the two ways neurotransmitters work?
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destruction
reuptake |
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ACH works by which method?
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destruction
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Which method is used when seratonin goes across, detaches and is then returned to where it came from?
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reuptake
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what must happen before a neurotransmitter can be released?
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the ion must enter the bulb.
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Which neurotransmitter of the PNS makes muscles work under normal operating conditions?
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acethylcholine
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Which neurotransmitter increases muscle efficiency by 10xs during fight or flight?
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Epinipherine
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Which nuerotransmitter most resembles the effects of epinepherine in the PNS?
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Norephinepherine
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Which nuerotransmitter causes blood vesssles to vasodialate in conditions of O2 deprivation?
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Nitric Oxide
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In the CNS, which neurotransmitter is consider the one to provide "memory maintenance"?
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Acetylcholine
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What is meant by the term "memory maintenance"?
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to make permanent memories....memory continuation
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What in the CNS raises alertness levels to the point where talk ceases and senses pick up?
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epinepherine
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what in the CNS takes youfrom deep sleep where your body can do repair to REM (dream) sleep?
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norepinepherine
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Which neurotransmitter does the same job in both the CNS and PNS?
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Nitric Oxide
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Which neurotransmitter found only in the CNS prevents seizure activity in the brain?
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GABA
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Which is the only neurotransmitter to cross the blood brain barrier?
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GABA
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What neurotransmitter controls skeletal muscle in the basal ganglia?
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dopamine
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Dopamine raises the threshold stimulus for skeletal muscle action when this fails you get what kind of side effect?
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tremors ex. Parkinson's
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Which neurotransmitter works in the front lobe and limbic system and activates the addiction center?
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Dopamine
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what stimulates the release of seratonin and puts you into a deep sleep so you can repair?
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melatonin
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What is the normal person's sleep/wake cycle called?
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circadian rythm
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What neurotransmitter found only in the CNS is responsible for mood and temperature regulation?
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melatonin
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what is the body's natural pain blockers?
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endorphins
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how are endorphins tapped?
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by exercising regularly
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What causes pain in the brain and is responsible for limbic pain and pleasure?
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Substance P
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Which neurotransmitter is stimulated in the brain when you are learning and creating pathways?
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Glutamate
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What are the four types of circuits in neural integration?
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divergent, convergent, parallel and loop circuits.
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What is another name for a reverberating loop circuit?
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memory engram
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What kind of circuit does language, math, pictures and such require?
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loop circuit
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which kind of circuit takes information to the top?
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convergent
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which circuits are considered motor circuits that you need to walk or coordinate activities?
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divergent
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In neural integration, what are the effectors?
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muscles
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What type of receptor allows sensitivity to pain temperature itch tickle and some touch?
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Free nerve endings
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What kind of receptors are specialized?
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encapsulated
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which affector provides information about the exernal environment and are located on the external surface of the body?
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Exteroceptors
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Which affector monitors the internal environment...these are located in the blood vessel visceral organ, muscles and the nervous system.
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Interoceptors
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Which affectors are located in muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear?
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proprioceptors
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