A And P Lab #11

Front 1

White and Grey Matter of the Spinal Meninges and Associated Structures

Back 1

All the grey matter is deep and completely surrounded by the more superficial white matter. The grey matter is easy to identify because of its unique butterfly shap

Front 2

Central Canal

Back 2

Contains cerebrospinal fluid, passes throught he gray commissure

Front 3

Dosal Root

Back 3

Transmits sensory nerve fibers from a spinal nerve to the posterior horn of the spinal cord

Front 4

Ventral Root

Back 4

Transmits motor nerve fibers from the anterior horn of the spinal cord to a spinal nerve

Front 5

Dorsal root ganglion

Back 5

the dialted region along the dorsal root

Front 6

Spinal Nerve

Back 6

Where the Dorsal root joins

Front 7

Epidural Space

Back 7

Space between the ura matter and the skull

Front 8

Dorsal (afferent) nerve roots

Back 8

Sensory fibers from the spinal nerve to the posterior horn of the spinal cord

Front 9

Ventral (efferent) root

Back 9

Transmits motor fibers from the spinal cord to a spinal nerve

Front 10

Dorsal ganglion

Back 10

located along the dorsal root, contain the cell codies of unipolar sensory neurons

Front 11

Dorsal Primary Rami

Back 11

Brnching from the peripheral nerve, deep back muscles and skin

Front 12

Vental Primary Rami

Back 12

Supply all structure of the extremities the skin along the lateral and ventral surface of the trunk, and all skeletal muscle except the deep back muscle

Front 13

Plexus

Back 13

The ventral rami of most form complex networks so that the emerging peripheral nerves contain components from several spinal nerve roots

Front 14

Intercostal Nerves

Back 14

These nerves supply the strucutres in the intercostal spaces (space between the ribs)

Front 15

What risks can you identify in performing an epidural block?

Back 15

It is difficult to do in most areas of the spinal cord because the spidural space is quite narrow

Front 16

Name the special senses

Back 16

Olfaction (smell), Gustation (taste), vision, hearing, and quilibrium (body orientation)

Front 17

How long do olfactory receptor cells live?

Back 17

1 month

Front 18

Explain the process or smelling

Back 18

The olfactory receptor cells- are biopolar neurons that are stimulation by chemical substances (odorants) in the nasal cavity-Supporting cells- are columnar epithelial cells that surround the olfactory receptors-Basal cells- are interspersed between the bases of olfactor receptor cells

Front 19

Olfactory bulb

Back 19

On the inferior surface of the frontal lobs. The olfactory bulbs are regions of the grey matter where olfactory nerves axons synapse with multipolar neurons

Front 20

Cycle of taste buds?

Back 20

Taste information is relayed from 3 nerves to the gustitory nucleus in the medulla to the thalamus to the primary gustatory cortex

Front 21

What might a bitter taste of a substance mean?

Back 21

Research has shown that the inherited ability to detect PTC is strongly correlated with the ability to taste bitter substances

Front 22

Explain why your sense of smell is reduced when you have a cold or when you are suffering from allergies?

Back 22

Because the olfactory glands secrete mucus onto the surface of the olfactory epithelium

Front 23

Sclera

Back 23

Protects the eye from disease and helps keep our eye healthy

Front 24

Choroid

Back 24

Choroid is densely populated with melanocytes. The melanin produced by these cells prevents incoming light waves from being reflected back out of the eye

Front 25

Retina

Back 25

Receives image seen through your eye, only in reserverse up to down. It transmits image through the optic nerve to invert and corrrect the image

Front 26

Cornea

Back 26

Outermost lens used to help shield the rest of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful matter

Front 27

Ciliary body

Back 27

Produces aqueous humor and allows the eye to focus up close

Front 28

Iris

Back 28

The iris is the colored contractile membrane of the eye. It seperates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball

Front 29

Pupil

Back 29

regulates the amount of light that eneters the eye

Front 30

Suspensory ligament

Back 30

holds the lens in place

Front 31

Lens

Back 31

It refracts incoming light waves and focuses them onto a retina

Front 32

Optic nerve

Back 32

detects the presense of light

Front 33

Fovea Centralis

Back 33

COntain only cones and is the area of keenest vision

Front 34

Optic disk

Back 34

Lacks photoreceptor cells therfore light that is focused on this region cannot be seen

Front 35

Aqueous humor

Back 35

Fills the anterior cavity with a watery fluid

Front 36

Vitreous humor

Back 36

Gelly like substance that fills the posterior cavity

Front 37

Lacrimal Glands

Back 37

Produces watery, alkaline tears

Front 38

What is "pink eye" and what other name is it given

Back 38

Conjunctivitious

Front 39

Cataracts

Back 39

Occurs when the lens thickens and become less flexibile. As a result, the normally transparent lens becomes clouded and blurred

Front 40

Glaucoma

Back 40

When normal drainage is clocked, intraocular pressure can increase and cause damage to the retina and optic nerve

Front 41

Rods

Back 41

See black and white

Front 42

Cones

Back 42

See in color

Front 43

Where is the blind spot and why is it called the blind spot?

Back 43

On the optic disk, posterior surface of the retina and lacks photoreceptor cells

Front 44

What does 20/20 mean?

Back 44

Indicates normal vision. Objects seen 20ft away are 20ft away

Front 45

What causes astigmatism?

Back 45

Defects in curvature of the lens causes blurred vision

Front 46

Why is color blindess seen more often in males than females?

Back 46

Because it is an x linked trait and males only get 1 linked gene from their mother

Front 47

What is nearsightedness?

Back 47

difficulty seeing objects in a far distance

Front 48

What is farsightedness?

Back 48

Dificulting eeing objects upclose

Front 49

Describe lasik surgery

Back 49

eye surgery which lasers are used to reshape curvature of the cornea

Front 50

WHat is Night vision

Back 50

Ability to see in a dark environment. Rhodospin in the rods of the eye undergo a change in shape as light is absorbed by them

Front 51

Tapetum Lucidum

Back 51

demon eyes for animals and gives them night vision

Front 52

Ear lobe or pinna

Back 52

directs sound saves into the external auditory canal

Front 53

Ear canal or auditory meatus

Back 53

keeps foreighn objects out and help earwax acccumlate which traps germ pathogens

Front 54

Ear drum

Back 54

The eardrum is hit by the sounds and virate, the middle ear passes the vibrations to the inner ear, whichh can distinguiish the characteristics of the vibration and send this information to the brain

Front 55

Ear ossibles

Back 55

Transmits and amplify sound waves across the tympanic cavity to the oval window

Front 56

Eustachian tube or auditory tube

Back 56

Provides a direct communicating li nk between the middle ear and nasopharynx

Front 57

Vestibule

Back 57

Contains sensory receptors called maculae, that detects force changes in linear movement and respond to gravitation

Front 58

Cochlea

Back 58

Portion of the labyrinth that contain the sensory receptors for hearing, known as the spinal organ or organ of corti

Front 59

Semicircular canals

Back 59

Consist of three semicircular tubes connected to the posterior wall of the vestibule

Front 60

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 60

Supplies the sensory receptors in the labyrinth

Front 61

Parilymph

Back 61

Fluid that fills the bony labyrinth

Front 62

Endolymph

Back 62

Fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth

Front 63

Oval Window

Back 63

Opening betwen the middle ear and the vestibule having the base of the stapes of columella attached to its membrane

Front 64

Round Window

Back 64

Round opening between the middle ear and the cochlea that is closed over by a membrane

Front 65

Vibrations of the _____ are caused by sound waves and are amplified and transmitted by the ear _____ to the oval window. Vibrations are passed on the _____ by the oval window and reach the _____ of the inner ear.

Back 65

Tympanum
Ossicles
Perilymph
Endolymph

Front 66

The vibration stimulate the fibers of the basiclar membrane of the _____, which in turn stimulate the Organ of _____. Action Potentionals generated by the receptror cells reach the brain through the _____ nerve.

Back 66

cochlea
Corti
vestibulocohlear

Front 67

The sound is heard in the auditory cortex of the _____ cortex. The _____ of the basilar membrane closer to the oval window are short and thick; these are specialized to receive sound vibrations of high frequency. The ____ hairs in the distal part of chochlea are long and thin; these are specialized to receive low pitch soundwaves.

Back 67

cerebral
ciliar hairs
basilar hairs

Front 68

In between there are very many patches of _____, each of which is specialized to receive sound vibrations of a particular freuquency. _____ and _____ are responsible for maintaining balance or quilibrium of body and head respectively

Back 68

basilar hairs
Vestibule
Semicircular Canals

Front 69

What causes conduction deafness?

Back 69

Occurs if the transmission of sound wave is disturbed in the external acoustic canal, at the eardrum, or along the bony ossicles

Front 70

What causes nerve deafness?

Back 70

damage along the neural pathway for hearing

Front 71

Rinner Test

Back 71

Used to determin wheather sound conduction along the ear osscles is impaired

Front 72

Weber Test

Back 72

Can be performed to determin whether an individual has conductive/sensorineural deafness