A And P Ii Metabolism 2

Front 1

What does fat breakdown and become?

Back 1

Fatty Acid and Glycerol

Front 2

Glycerol break down in liver to become______ ? This is the _____ cycle of cellular respiration.

Back 2

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Glycolysis

Front 3

After Glycerol is converted to glyceraldeyde 3 phospate then __________, ___________, and ______________ occur for NRG as in cellular respiration.

Back 3

Glycolysis, Krebs, and Electron transport.

Front 4

Fatty Acids are long chains of __________ ?

Back 4

Carbons

Front 5

Fatty Acids (carbon chains) are broken down by a series of reactions called _____________ to become _____ ?

Back 5

Beta Oxidation, 2 carbon chains

Front 6

When Fatty Acids (carbon chains) are broken down by beta oxidation they become __________ ?

Back 6

Acetyl co A

Front 7

After FA become Acetyl Co A from beta oxidation ________ then __________ occur for NRG.

Back 7

Krebs and electron transport

Front 8

Fatty Acids are broken down in the ________ ?

Back 8

liver

Front 9

Another product of FA breakdown by cellular oxidation is __________ ?

Back 9

Ketones

Front 10

The (3) Ketone byproduct of FA breakdown are __________, _________, and ________ ?

Back 10

acetoacetic acid, Beta Hydroxybuteric acid, and acetone

Front 11

Acetone (byproduct of FA breakdown) is in ________, and has a __________ smell?

Back 11

nailpolish remover, fruity

Front 12

The ketones (acetoacetic acid, betahydroxbuteric acid, and acetone) cause blood pH to __________ ?

Back 12

decrease

Front 13

When does KETOACIDOSIS occur?

Back 13

1 After a rich and fatty meal

2 Starvation diet

3 Diabetics

Front 14

Ketones are excreted by the __________ ?

Back 14

Kidneys

Front 15

Why do Diabetics have sweet breath?

Back 15

B/c they are undergoing ketoacidosis and as result of the ketoacidosis and acetone.

Front 16

Why do diabetics breakdown fat alot for NRG?

Back 16

B/c their cells cant get glucose for NRG so they breakdown fat for NRG.

Front 17

d/ LIPOGENESIS?

Back 17

production of fat from glucose or AA

Front 18

Why does lipogenesis occur?

Back 18

When there is an excess of carb or protein in the diet

Front 19

If there is an excess consumption; the Acetyl Co A (from glucose and AA breakdown) can be converted to ___________ ?

Back 19

Fatty Acids

Front 20

The Pyruvic Acid converted from Carbohydrate breakdown can either become __________ or _____________ ?

Back 20

Acetyl Co A or lactic Acid

Front 21

The Pyruvic Acid from Glycerol breakdown can either become ___________ or _________ ?

Back 21

Acetyl Co A or Fatty Acid

Front 22

Are protein and AA stored in the body?

Back 22

No

Front 23

Is glucose stored in the body? if so as what?

Back 23

Yes as glycogen and polysacharide

Front 24

Is fat stored in the body?

Back 24

yes as adipose tissue

Front 25

Proteins are broken down to _________ and circulate in the ________ and ______.

Back 25

AA, blood, cells

Front 26

These AA in the blood and cells must be used with a _______ or so.

Back 26

day

Front 27

What are the (5) function of protein?

Back 27

1 - Make up all enzymes and antibodies

2 - in plasma proteins responsible for agglutination

3 - in actin and mysin that make up muscle proteins

4 - in keratin which is in skin, hair, and nails

5 - in collagen (connective tissue that hold everything together

Front 28

You need vitamin _____ to make collagen?

Back 28

C

Front 29

Lack of Vitamin C will result in ______ ?

Back 29

Scurvy

Front 30

Scurvy makes your body ____ ? Scurvy was a disease common to _________, who lacked vit C in their diet.

Back 30

fall apart, sailors

Front 31

How many AA found in proteins?

Back 31

20

Front 32

How many AA are essential

Back 32

9

Front 33

What are good sources of protein in the diet?

Back 33

Egg whites, meat, fish, peanut butter, beans, legumes, soy

Front 34

Why are some AA considered essential?

Back 34

B/c the body does not make them

Front 35

What are the names of the (9)essential AA?

Back 35

Tryptophan, Valine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Leucine, Phenylthalanine, methianine, histadime (infants only)

Front 36

What can the AA lycine be used to treat? How much?

Back 36

Cold sore or fever blister, 500mg

Front 37

Other 13 AA can be made from __ ________ __?

Back 37

9 essential AA

Front 38

*** (2 test questions)What is the anachronism to remember the 9 essential AA?

Back 38

TV till PM

Front 39

d/ TRANSAMINATION?

Back 39

process by which we produce non-essential AA from essential AA.

Front 40

AA can be catabolized for ___ or converted to ___ ?

Back 40

NRG, or fat

Front 41

d/ DEAMINATION?

Back 41

removal of the amino group

Front 42

What is the amino group?

Back 42

NH2

Front 43

NH2 become _____ which is the same as _______.

Back 43

NH3, ammonia

Front 44

NH3 or ammonia are quickly converted to _________ ?

Back 44

Urea

Front 45

Urea goes into ______ then to _______ and put into _______ and excreted.

Back 45

blood, kidney, urine

Front 46

AA can be converted to ________, __________, or various acids of Krebs cycle.

Back 46

glucose, fatty acids

Front 47

What controls varous fx of metabolism?

Back 47

Hormones

Front 48

What is endocrine system?

Back 48

System of glands that secrete hormones into blood, travel thru circulatory system and have effect on certain bodily functions

Front 49

What is normal glucose level?

Back 49

80-120mg/100ml

Front 50

What 2 hormones control glucose level in blood?

Back 50

Insulin and Glucagon

Front 51

What organ makes insulin?

Back 51

Beta cells of pancreas

Front 52

What does insulin do if blood sugar is too high?

Back 52

Make cells absorb more glucose from the blood.

Front 53

When isulin allows cells to absorb excess glucose what is this excess glucose converted to?

Back 53

Fat or glycogen

Front 54

What affect does insulin have on gluconeogenesis?

Back 54

Inhibits production of glucose from fat and protein. This is bad

Front 55

Diabetics want to limit carbs and sugar in diet to stabilize their __________? This way glucose is made slowly from __________ of fatss and proteins and insulin need is decreased.

Back 55

blood glucose levels.

Gluconeogenesis

Front 56

Having a low carb, sugar diet saves your _________ and helps you from becoming a ________?

Back 56

pancreas

diabetic

Front 57

What is glucagon? and where is it produced?

Back 57

When glucose approaches lower limits, alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon.

Front 58

Glucagon is the opposite of ________ ?

Back 58

Insulin

Front 59

What are the (2) functions of glucagon?

Back 59

Stimulates:

1 - gluconeogenesis (good) in liver (making glucose fr fat or AA)

2 - glycogenolysis (good) (breaking down stored glycogen to glucose)

Front 60

Glucose ____ glucose in blood, while glucagon ________ glucose in blood?

Back 60

increases, decreases

Front 61

Where does HGH (human growth hormone)come from?

Back 61

Comes from pituitary (hypophesis)

Front 62

What does HGH do?

Back 62

Stimulate cells to catabolize fat instead of carbs.

Front 63

When is HGH secreted normally?

Back 63

adolescense

Front 64

What does ACTH stand for?

Where is it secreted?

Back 64

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Pituitary Gland

Front 65

Fx of ACTH?

Back 65

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete (secretes many hormones) glucocorticoids

Front 66

d/ TROPIC?

Back 66

Stimulates or influences

Front 67

d/ CORTEX?

Back 67

outside of something IE like bark

Front 68

Where is ADRENAL GALND?

Back 68

on top of kidney

Front 69

Any hormone that has "tropic" is secreted by the ________ ?

Back 69

Pituitary Gland

Front 70

Fx of GLUCOCORTICOIDS (secreted from Adrenal Cortex that was stimulated by ACTH in Pituitary)?

Back 70

Stimulates gluconeogenesis which makes glucose more available and increases blood sugar.

Front 71

GLUCONEOGENESIS makes glucose (more or less) available and (increases or decreases) blood sugar?

Back 71

more, increase

Front 72

Any hormone that causes gluconeogenesis also causes breakdown of _____ and _____ ?

Back 72

Fat and AA

Front 73

Glucocorticoids are secreted during times of _________ ________ and this is done to make sure you have enough _____ for _______? Give example

Back 73

physical stress, glucose, NRG.

Cold weather.

Front 74

TSH stands for?

Where secreted?

Fx of TSH?

Back 74

Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Pituitary

stimulate Thyroid Gland to secrete T3 and T4 (result in Increase BMR and cellular respiration).

Front 75

T3 and T4 secreted by Thyroid gland will ________ and _______ ?

Back 75

increase BMR and cellular resiration

Front 76

If TSH level is high, would T3 and T4 level be (high or low)?

Back 76

low

Front 77

If TSH level is low, would T3 and T4 level be (high or low)?

Back 77

high

Front 78

Any hormone that causes gluconeogenesis also causes protein and fat(anabolism or catabolism)?

Back 78

Catabolism

Front 79

What 3 anabolic hormones causes protein anabolism?

Back 79

Testosterone, Progesterone, and HGH

Front 80

Do you secrete HGH when you get older?

Back 80

Some but not much, mostly secreted in adolescence