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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the basic organizational structure of the human body?
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The cell
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How many cells exist in the human body?
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50-100 trillion cells
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What do you call it when cells specialize?
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Differentiation
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What is a result of differentiation?
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Cells vary in size and shape due to their unique function
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How do humans visualize cells?
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Using microscopy
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What are 4 types of microscopy? Describe them.
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1. light microscopy scope 5000x 2. Confocal microscope (improves light microscope resolution, uses lasers to light or excite) 3. Transmission electron microscope 1,000,000x 4. Scanning electron microscope 50,000x (3D images)
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Do women have cells with flagellum? If so what are they?
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No
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Do women have cells with flagellum? If so what are they?
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Yes. Sperm, their tails are the flagellum
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What are the two major components of a cell?
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1. Nucleus and 2. Cytoplasm
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What is the nucleus?
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It holds DNA (which directs cell function) and 2. has a thin membrane called the nuclear envelope.
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What is the cytoplasm?
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1. It holds organelles (which compartementalize function) 2. It surrounds the nucleus, and 3. It is contained by the lipid bilayer (cell bilayer).
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Human cells are ________ and bacteria cells are ____________.
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Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic
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What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and compartmentalize function. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and do not have compartmentalization.
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What is another name for the cell membrane?
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Plasma membrane
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What surrounds the nucleus?
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It thin membrane called the nuclear envelope, and the cytoplasm.
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Describe the cell membrane?
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1. Outer limit of cell 2. Controls what goes in and out of the cell 3. Selectively permeable. 4. Made of a phospholipid bilayer
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What is the Phospholipid bilayer?
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Made of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, permeable to lipid-soluable substances.
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What do you call a protien imbedded in the cell membrane? What do you call a molecule that binds to that protien?
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Receptor protien, and a ligand
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What do you call the signaling process in a receptor protien?
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Signal Transduction
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What is the purpose of signal transduction?
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The cell receives information from outside the cell throuth the ligand and the receptor protien and the other protein attached to the inside of the receptor protein. This might cause a cell response to the external environment.
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What stabilizes the cell membrane? How?
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Cholesterol. It gives it structure.
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What are the 5 purposes of proteins in the cell membrane?
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1. Receptors 2. Pores, channels, and carriers 3. Enzymes 4. CAMS 5. Self-markers
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What are CAMS?
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Cell adhesion Molecules
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What is outside-in signaling?
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Signal transduction
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What is a glycolipid
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A sugar attached to a phospholipid
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What are the 6 puposes of the cell membrane?
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1. Has function 2. has surface reactions 3. has molecules used for surface reactions. 4. it is fluid (it can move proteins w/in the bilayer) 5. selectively permeable 6. allows for relay signals outside-in
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What is selective permeability?
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Limits the entrance and exit of molecules
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What are 3 types of membrane proteins? Describe them.
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1. Transmembrane protein-goes all of the way though the cell membrane. 2. Peripheral protien-a protein attached to the outside of a transmembrane protein. 3. An Integral protein is a protien in or all the way through the membrane. (a transmembrane protein is a integral protein)
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What are CAMS? What do they do? Why are they important? How do they do it in White blood cells?
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Cell adhesion molecules. They guide cells on the move. They are important for growth of embryonic tissue and nerve cells. In white blood cells they use selectin allow white blood cells to anchor, and they use integrin to guide the white blood cells through the capillar walls.
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What provide traction so immune cells can hold on to other cells?
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Selectins
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What are the 6 purposes of the cell membrane?
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1. has function 2. has surface reactions. 3. has molecules used for communication 4. it is fluid (it can move protiens within the bilayer) 5. It is selectively permeable 6. Allows for relay signals outside-in.
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What are 4 types of membrane proteins? Describe them.
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1. Transmembrane proteins-goes all of the way through a cell membrane. 2. Peripheral protein-attached to the surface of a transmembrane protein. 3 Integral protein-a protein that is in the cell membrane(a transmembrane protein is a integral protein) 4.Glycoproteins-mark cells as "self" so the immune system cells do not attack "self" cells
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What are CAMs? What is their purpose? Why are they important?
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Cell Adhesion Molecules. They guide cells on the move. They are important for growth of embryonic tissue and nerve cells.
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Give two examples of CAMs
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Integrin and Selectins
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What is integrin?
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A CAM, it guides white blood cells through the capillary walls. They provide attachment so immune cells can migrate from blood vessels into surrounding tissue.
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What is selectin?
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a CAM. They allow white blood cells to anchor. provide traction so immune cells can hold on to other cells.
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Describe the cytoplasm
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Outside the nucleus, contained by the cell membrane. Contains cytosol, organelles, and structural elements
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What are the solid, liquid, and structural elements of the cytoplasm? Describe the structural element.
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Liquid - cytosol. Solid - organelles. Structural elements - cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is structural proteins that support component and move components.
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What means tiny organ?
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Organelle.
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What are the 7 organelles?
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Golgi apparatus, Vesicles, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleus
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What are free floating or connected to the E.R.?
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Ribosomes
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What is the job of ribosomes?
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To provide stuctural support and enzyme activity to ammino acids to form proteins.
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What does E.R. look like?
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They are connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles. E.R. is a transport system.
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Rough ER is studded with _________ and it makes ________.
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ribosomes. proteins.
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What are the jobs of the smooth ER?
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1. Lipid synthesis, 2. added to proteins arriving from RER. 3. breaks down alcohol and drugs.
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What are the jobs of RER and SER.
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Protein and lipid synthesis
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____________ interacts with the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane to some degree.
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ER
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The proteins made in the __________ often move to the _____________ for processing.
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RER. Golgi apparatus.
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____________ are membranous sacs of various size.
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Vesicles
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What two organelles form vesicles? For what purpose?
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ER and the Golgi apparatus. For the transport of proteins and other substances.
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Vesicles are employed in the process of ___________.
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excytosis
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What is excytosis?
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Exocytosis is a kind of bulk transport. A vesicle containing protein, other secretions, or waste moves to the plasma membrane. The contents of the vesicle are pushed out while the membrane of the vesicle joins the plasma membrane
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The Golgi apparatus looks similar to the ___________ but smaller.
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ER
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What does the Golgi apparatus do? What is it made of?
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Proteins are processed, packaged and delivered from here. It is made up of membraneous sacs.
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The Golgi apparatus is made of sacs called __________.
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Cisternae
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What three things does the Golgi apparatus do?
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1. Processing of proteins. 2. Packaging of proteins. 3. Delivery of proteins.
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The _______________ makes proteins and sends them to the ________ side of the ____________.
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RER, cis face side of the Golgi apparatus
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When a vesicle leaves the Golgi apparatus the side it leaves from is called the __________.
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trans-face
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What is in the vesicle that leaves the Golgi apparatus?
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processed/modified proteins
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Describe the mitochondria.
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memabraneous sacs with inner partitions. It has 2 membranes. (inner and outer) The inner membrane is folded forming partitions called cristae where chemical reactions related to metabolism take place in part. It has an outer membrane.
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What does the mitochondria do?
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Generates energy, It can move, divide.
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What does the mitochondria have a limited amount of?
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Its own DNA.
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What does the mitochondria produce? What does it produce it from?
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ATP (Adenine Triphosphate). Glucose
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What is ATP?
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The energy currency of the cell. The molecule used to power cellular process.
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______________ is called the powerhouse of the cell.
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Mitochondria
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Can the mitochondria make some proteins?
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Yes.
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____________ are enzyme containing sacs that breaks down stuff in the cell.
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Lysosomes
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What do lysosomes do? How are they enveloped?
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Break down stuff, digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances. They are membraneous sacs.
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____________ cells engulf other cells and use ____________ to break down the engulfed cell.
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Phagocitic, lysosomes
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_____________ are membraneous bound sacs that resemble lysosomes.
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Peroxisomes.
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What do peroxisomes contain? Describe.
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Peroxidases - produce hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) which can damage cells. Catalase - which decomposes. Both are enzymes.
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What is the purpose of peroxisomes?
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1. Synthesize bile for fat digestion. 2. breaks down long fatty acid chains. 3. degrades some biochemicals. 4. supports alcohol breakdown.
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What is the structure of centrosomes? Where are they in the cell? What are they made of?
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Non-membraneous, near the nucleous. Consist of 2 centrioles (look like cylinders) composed of microtubules.
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What is the function of centrosomes during cell division? What do they also play a role in?
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function- migrate during cell division to pull apart chromosomes. role-cilia and flagella function.
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What are cilia? What are they composed of? Where are they found?
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short hair-like projections. composed of microtubules. They are found on some epithelial surfaces
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What do cilia do? Give an example of where they are found and what they do there.
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propel substances on the cell surface, they are motile extensions, move in a coordinated wave like manner, They are found in the respitory tract where they move mucus and particles.
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What are flagella?
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They are longer than cilia, usually only one per cell, not in women, however exist in men's sperm.
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What do microtubules look like? What are they composed of? What do they do?
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They are long slender tubes of proteins used as structural and transport elements. They are composed of tubular dimers. They are somewhat rigid and they move organelles, structures, and molecules.
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What are dimers?
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Two tublin molecules together
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What do microfiliments look like? What are they composed of? What is their purpose?
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They are thin. They are composed of rods of protein called actin. They are mostly structural. They are bundled and meshworked.
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Intermediate filaments look like what? Where are they found? What are they composed of? What is their purpose?
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Thicker than microfilaments. Found in some but not all cells (dividing cells and epidermis cells). They are composed of protein filaments coiled around each other. They form a strong inner scalfolding.
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What are cytoplasmic inclusions?
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temporary nutrients and pigments, they are chemical, They usually are glycogen, lipids, and pigments.
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The nucleus contains DNA in the form of __________.
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Chromatin
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What is chromatin?
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DNA wound around histones. Histones act as the spool around which DNA winds.
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The nucleus has a ___________ envelope and the openings in this envelope are called ___________.
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double layer nuclear, nuclear pores
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What are nuclear pores? What are they made of? Purpose? What exits out of these pores?
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channels formed by proteins, they restrict movement in and out,
RNA exists through the pores. |
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What is inside of the nucleus?
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Chromatin(DNA and proteins) and the nucleolus
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What is the nuceolus? What is it composed of? What does it do?
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Little nucleus, inside of the nucleus, the "dark area". It is composed of RNA and protein. It is non-membraneous and it is the site of ribosome production.
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What substances are involved in simple diffusion?
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oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid soluable substances.
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Simple diffusion results from...?
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random motion and collision between molecules.
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What causes simple diffusion?
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a concentration gradient.
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When concentrations across a barrier become equal this results in _____________.
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diffusional equilibrium
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What three factors effect diffusion?
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distance, temp, and concentration gradient.
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What is Brownian motion?
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The seemingly random movements of particles in a liquid concentration.
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What are two types of movements across the cell membrane?
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Active(physiological) and Passive(physical)
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Diffusional equilibrium ____________ occur in an organisms.
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does not usually
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What is facilitated diffusion? Give example. What is the cause for this diffusion?
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Diffusion across a membrane with help of channel or carrier molecule (all proteins). Ex. - glucose transport. The concentration gradient is the cause.
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What is the energy cost of facilitated diffusion?
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No immediate cost. No ATP is used.
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Water moves in and out of the cell by _____________.
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facilitated diffusion
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A pore that water moves in and out of is called a ____________.
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aquaporin
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The channels in facilitated diffusion are composed of what?
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protein structures
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of water into a compartement contained by a selectively permeable layer that is impermeable to some solute.
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What is osmotic pressure?
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In a container with a semipermeable divider, one side of water is higher than the other in order to reach diffused equilibrium. It stops at the pressure of the atmosphere.
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What is Tonicity? Name three types.
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The tone, structure, surface structure of things. A way of classifying solutions. Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic.
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Describe the 3 types of tonic solutions?
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Isotonic - equal osmotic pressure. Hypertonic solution - higher osmotic pressure causing water loss. Hypotonic - lower osmotic pressure, water is gained.
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What is filtration?
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forcing molecules through a membrane, separates liquid from solids, It is like gravity and it does not use ATP
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What is active transport?
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Moves against the concetration gradient. Requires energy or ATP, uses up 40% of cells energy supply.
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What is primary active transport? what are the steps/
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Uses carrier molecules 1. transported molecules bind to the carrier protein. 2. ATP is used 3. the carrier changes shape and molecules are delivered into or out of the cell.
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What is a sodium potassium pump?
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pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in.
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What are the three types of endocytosis?
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Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated endocytosis.
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Describe the simplest form of endocytosis.
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In pinocytosis, an invaginationof the cell membrane forms vesicles bringing in water and potentially other particles. The vesicles then break down releasing its fluid and contents.
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What is Phagocytosis?
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Requires some binding to the cell by particles. the membrane surrounds the particle and pinches off to form a vesicle. Usually a lysosome joins the vesicle and breaks it down with little waste.
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What endocytosis(s) use less specicifity?
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Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis compared to Receptor mediated endocytosis
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What is receptor mediated endocytosis? Give an example.
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Receptors bind molecules with a reasonable specificity. the receptors bind ligands and are signalled to invaginate the membrane creating a vesicle with the molecule bound to the receptor inside. This allows the cell to select molecules regardless of concentration. Cholesterol enters the cell in this matter.
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What is Transcytosis?
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combines endocytosis and exocytosis to transport a substance or particle from one end of the cell to the other. HIV is transported across epithelial cells in this manner.
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What cells go through the cell cycle? Which ones do not?
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All cells go through this except sex cells.
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What are two types of tumors?
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Benign (localized) and malignant(invasive)
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Describe cancer cells. How are the distiguished?
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Rounder in shape, less specialized, digest healthy tissue, extremely vascular. Identified by site of origin, affected cell type, and proteins produced.
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What makes cancer cells cancer cells?
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They lose the ability to recognize their neighbor cells when they contact them physically. They lose what we call contact inhibition which would ordinarilly tell them to stop growing or to going through the cell cycle.
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Cancer cells are said to be "__________"
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immortal
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What are two types of cancer genes?
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Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
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What are oncogenes?
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genes that control the cell division rate. An error in this gene cause it to overexpress or overproduce itself.
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What are Tumor supressor genes.
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They regulate cell cycle including cell division. Defective Tumor suppressor genes will lead to uncontrolled cell division.
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What is apotosis?
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Programmed cell death. Normal aspect of cell maintenance, fast, orderly,
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How is apotosis performed?
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When a cell receives a signal to die, proteins called caspases, begin to digest/dismantle the cell from the inside.
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_________ digests the cell from the inside during ______________ or programmed cell death
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Caspases, Apotosis
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What are capases six functions?
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1. destroy DNA replicating enzymes. 2. Activate enzymes that cut up the DNA 3. dismantles the cytoskeleton, collapsing the nucleus. 4. fractures the mitochondria, which release additional capase. 5. Abolish the cells ability to adhere to other cells. 6. Invert portions of the cell membrane so phagocytes recognize the cell is being destroyed and can begin engulfing its peices.
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What is necrosis?
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It is disordered cell death assosiated with inflammation and injury.
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What are the 2 stages of cell cycle? What are their functions?
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Interphase - continues to grow, maintains routine functions, contributes to the internal environment. If it is to divide it must amass biochemicals and duplicate much of its contents. It is divided into phases. Mitosis - form of cell division that occurs in non-sex cells. Produces two identical daughters from 1 parent.
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What is cytokinesis?
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Means cell movement. time when 1 parent divides into 2 daughter cells. Occurs in the late stages of Mitosis
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What is Karyokinesis?
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Means nucleus movement. The division of the cell nucleus during mitosis.
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What are the 3 phases of Interphase? What happens during those periods?
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1. S phase - genetic material replicates. 2. G1 phase - cell growth 3. G2 phase - rapid growth to prepare for mitosis (G1 is first, S is second, and G2 is third)
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What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and Telophase
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What happens during the 4 phases of mitosis?
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1. prophase - chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes. 2. Metaphase - chromosomes align on the metaphase plate on the midline of the cell. 3. Anaphase - chromosomes begin to move toward the centrioles. 4. Telophase - nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
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What controls the cells cycle?
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By Kinases and cyclins, which are proteins that vary in concentration throughtout the cycle.
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What is contact inhibition?
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The natural process of arresting cell growth when two or more cells come in contact with another.
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What are cristea?
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Partitions formed by the inner layer of the mitochondria
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What are cisternae?
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The flattened sacs of the Golgi apparatus
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What are dimers in? What are they like?
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Microtubules, tubes
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What are actins in? What are they like?
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Microfilaments, rods
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