A And P

Front 1

The operation or function of a structure
is promoted or prevented by its anatomy. For example, oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged across the very thin membranes of the lungs
but not across the skin.

Back 1

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology.
The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic. 3

Front 2

Cytologists study
the cellular level of organization.

Back 2

The order in the structural hierarchy
is cell, tissue, organ, and organism.

Front 3

Bones and cartilages are part of the skeletal system.
The nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea are respiratory
system organs.

Back 3

Living organisms can maintain their boundaries, move,
respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism,
dispose of wastes, reproduce, and grow. While inanimate objects
may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them

Front 4

Metabolism is the term that encompasses all the chemical reactions
that occur in body cells

Back 4

In flight, the cabin must be pressurized because
the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of
oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient
to maintain life.

Front 5

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to
conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be
lost from the body (in hot conditions) and retained or generated by the
body (in cold conditions).

Back 5

Thirst is part of a negative feedback control
system because it prods us to drink, which ends the thirst stimulus
and returns body fluid volume to the normal range

Front 6

This is a positive
feedback mechanism because it enhances the change (formation of a
platelet plug) set into motion by the stimulus (damage to the blood vessel).
The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the
blood vessel.

Back 6

The position in which a person is standing erect with
feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. Knowing the anatomical
position is important because directional terms refer to the body
as if it is in this position.

Front 7

Axillary region is the armpit. Acromial area
is the tip of the shoulder.

Back 7

A frontal (coronal) section would separate
the brain into anterior and posterior parts

Front 8

He may have appendicitis
if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen

Back 8

He may have appendicitis
if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen

Front 9

As mobile organs (heart, lungs, digestive organs) work, friction is greatly reduced by
the presence of serous fluid. Serous fluid allows the surrounding serous
membranes to glide easily over one another.

Back 9

review questions

Front 10

The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is

Back 10

(c) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal;

Front 11

The structural and functional unit of life is

Back 11

a cell

Front 12

Which of the following is a major functional characteristic of
all organisms?

Back 12

a) movement, (b) growth, (c) metabolism,
(d) responsiveness, (e) all of these

Front 13

Two of these organ systems bear the major responsibility
for ensuring homeostasis of the internal environment.
Which two?

Back 13

(a) nervous system
(d) endocrine system,

Front 14

In (a)–(e), a directional term [e.g., distal in (a)] is followed by terms indicating different body structures or locations (e.g., the elbow/the wrist). In each case, choose the structure or organ that
matches the given directional term.

Back 14

(a) distal: the elbow/the wrist (wrist)
(b) lateral: the hip bone/the umbilicus (Hip)
(c) superior: the nose/the chin (NOSE)
(d) anterior: the toes/the heel (TOES)
(e) superficial: the scalp/the skull (scalp)

Front 15

Assume that the body has been sectioned along three planes:
(1) a median plane, (2) a frontal plane, and (3) a transverse plane
made at the level of each of the organs listed below. Which organs
would be visible in only one or two of these three cases?
(a) urinary bladder, (b) brain, (c) lungs, (d) kidneys, (e) small
intestine, (f) heart.

Back 15

NEITHER C LUNGS OR D KIDNEYS

Front 16

Relate each of the following conditions or statements to either the
dorsal body cavity or the ventral body cavity.

Back 16

(a)surrounded by the bony skull and the vertebral column DORSAL
(b) includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities VENTRAL
(c) contains the brain and spinal cord DORSAL
(d) contains the heart, lungs, and digestive organs VENTRAL

Front 17

Which of the following relationships is incorrect?
(a) visceral peritoneum/outer surface of small intestine
(b) parietal pericardium/outer surface of heart
(c) parietal pleura/wall of thoracic cavity

Back 17

(b) parietal pericardium/outer surface of heart

Front 18

Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection?
(a) thoracic cavity, (b) abdominal cavity, (c) pelvic cavity.

Back 18

(b) abdominal cavity

Front 19

Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical
position include:
(a) ventral; anterior
(b) back; rear
(c) posterior; dorsal
(d) medial; lateral

Back 19

(c) posterior; dorsal

Front 20

The axial part,
which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the
head, neck, and trunk.

Back 20

The appendicular part consists of
the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body’s
axis.

Front 21

Integumentary System

Back 21

Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors
and sweat and oil glands

Front 22

Skeletal System

Back 22

Protects and supports body organs, and
provides a framework the muscles use
to cause movement. Blood cells are
formed within bones. Bones store minerals

Front 23

Muscular System

Back 23

Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains
posture, and produces heat.

Front 24

Nervous System

Back 24

As the fast-acting control system of the
body, it responds to internal and external
changes by activating appropriate
muscles and glands

Front 25

Endocrine System

Back 25

Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.

Front 26

Cardiovascular System

Back 26

Blood vessels transport blood, which
carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps
blood.

Front 27

Superior (cranial)

Back 27

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
The head is superior to the abdomen.

Front 28

Inferior (caudal)

Back 28

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a
structure or the body; below
The navel is inferior to the chin.

Front 29

Ventral (anterior)*

Back 29

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

Front 30

Dorsal (posterior)*

Back 30

Toward or at the back of the body; behind
The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

Front 31

Medial

Back 31

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
The heart is medial to the arm.

Front 32

Lateral

Back 32

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
The arms are lateral to the chest.

Front 33

Intermediate

Back 33

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
The collarbone is intermediate between
the breastbone and shoulder

Front 34

Proximal

Back 34

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Front 35

Distal

Back 35

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh.

Front 36

Superficial (external)

Back 36

Toward or at the body surface
The skin is superficial to the skeletal
muscles

Front 37

Deep (internal)

Back 37

Away from the body surface; more internal
The lungs are deep to the skin.

Front 38

Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)

Back 38

Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)

Front 39

The levels of structural organization of the body, from simplest to most complex, are: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal

Back 39

In the anatomical position, the body is erect, facing forward, feet
slightly apart, arms at sides with palms forward

Front 40

Directional terms allow body parts to be located precisely. Terms
that describe body directions and orientation include: superior/
inferior; anterior/posterior; ventral/dorsal; medial/lateral;
intermediate; proximal/distal; and superficial/deep.

Back 40

Major subdivisions of anatomy include gross anatomy,
microscopic anatomy, and developmental anatomy.

Front 41

Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships.
Physiology is the science of how body parts function

Back 41

Survival needs include nutrients, water, oxygen, and appropriate
temperature and atmospheric pressure

Front 42

Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium of the internal
environment. All body systems contribute to homeostasis, but the
nervous and endocrine systems are most important. Homeostasis
is necessary for health.

Back 42

Homeostatic Control (pp. 9–11)
2. Control mechanisms of the body contain at least three elements
that work together: receptor(s), control center, and effector(s).

Front 43

Negative feedback mechanisms reduce the effect of the original
stimulus, and are essential for maintaining homeostasis. Body
temperature, heart rate, breathing rate and depth, and blood
levels of glucose and certain ions are regulated by negative
feedback mechanisms

Back 43

Positive feedback mechanisms intensify the initial stimulus,
leading to an enhancement of the response. They rarely
contribute to homeostasis, but blood clotting and labor
contractions are regulated by such mechanisms

Front 44

Homeostatic Imbalance (p. 11)
5. With age, the efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms
declines, and positive feedback mechanisms occur more
frequently. These changes underlie certain disease conditions

Back 44

The body contains two major closed cavities. The dorsal cavity,
subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities, contains the
brain and spinal cord. The ventral cavity is subdivided into
the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart and lungs, and the
abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the liver, digestive organs,
and reproductive structures

Front 45

The walls of the ventral cavity and the surfaces of the organs
it contains are covered with thin membranes, the parietal and
visceral serosae, respectively. The serosae produce a thin fluid that
decreases friction during organ functioning.

Back 45

The abdominopelvic cavity may be divided by four planes
into nine abdominopelvic regions (epigastric, umbilical,
hypogastric, right and left iliac, right and left lumbar, and
right and left hypochondriac), or by two planes into four
quadrants

Front 46

There are several smaller body cavities. Most of these are in the
head and open to the exterior.

Back 46

Name two organs found in the L upper quadrant
stomach and spleen

Front 47

other body cavities

Back 47

oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities, synovial cavities

Front 48

Oral and digestive cavities.

Back 48

Oral and digestive cavities. The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus

Front 49

Nasal cavity

Back 49

Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways

Front 50

Orbital cavities

Back 50

Orbital cavities. The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Front 51

Middle ear cavities.

Back 51

Middle ear cavities. The middle ear cavities in the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptorsin the inner ears

Front 52

Synovial cavities

Back 52

Synovial cavities. Synovial (sĭ-no9ve-al) cavities are joint cavities.
They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints). Like the serous membranes, membranes lining synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another