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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the nile flow
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Nile flows from south to north
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what is a delta
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Delta is a series of small branches of the Nile into the Mediterranean
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Upper and Lower egypt are
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Southern= Upper
Northern=Lower |
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definition of cataracts
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Cataracts- blocks the water in the Nile
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how did the people get to Egypt and how didn't they go to egypt
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-Tells that people didn’t come from the south to get to Egypt by the cataracts
-Came from Canaan (Jordan, Israel and Lebanon) |
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Language is ...
define |
Language is partly Semitic and Hamitic
Semitic- Hebrew and Arabic Northern Africa is Hamitic |
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why did people settle near the nile
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Bands of people lived near the Nile b/c North Africa got drier
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what did people write on if they were poor and wealthy
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-Most people used potsherds to write- called ostracon/ostraca
-papyrus was written on like paper |
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language was difficult or easy to learn and why
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-The language was difficult to learn and only scribes learned it
-Didn’t have an alphabet |
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ancient scribes were (gender...)
where did they study |
-Were men and lived in the house of life
-Only for upperclassmen -Per ankh- house of life |
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what are biliteral signs
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Biliteral signs-had two letters for a picture
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triliteral signs
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Triliteral signs- had three letters for a picture
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Phonetic Complements
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-Phonetic Complements- three character
- the first one stood for the first letter, -the two lined next to it stood for the other two letters |
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Determinatives
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-Determinatives- put after the sentences to determine what they mean;
-ex. a name with a man symbol after it means it’s a boy’s name |
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Ideograms
what didn't they have... |
-Ideograms- the oldest signs that are just pictures meaning whole words
-Had no alphabet/vowels |
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Early Dynastic Period- 1st dynasty
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Early Dynastic Period- Dynasties 1 and 2 (3,100 BC)
-Started building pyramids- mastaba -Killed wife and servants only in 1st dynasty when the king died but went willingly -They would have a celebration, and pass out from drinks and then would die -Narmer reunited the upper and lower egypt |
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Early Dynastic Period-2nd dynasty
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-had statues of the servants doing things and were smaller
-Thought that the Pharaoh could call on them in the afterlife |
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Old Kingdom- 3rd dynasty
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The Old Kingdom- Dynasties 3-6
-First built a pyramid by making mastabas on top of mastabas- called step pyramid -Imhotep made it for Djoser -MEMPHIS WAS THE CAPITAL (near Cairo) |
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Old Kingdom- 4th dynasty
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-Senefru built the first one too steep,
-second one was built like the first then changed angles, -finally got it right -(bent and red pyramid) Wife Hetep-Heres tomb was robbed |
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Old Kingdom- 5th dynasty
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-Pyramids were smaller because Egypt becoming bankrupt
-And they deteriorated b/c not built as good |
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Old Kingdom- 6th dynasty
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-Pepi II ruled for 96 yrs, the longest rule
-Egypt started to fall apart -Matrilineal society- things passed down through the inheritance |
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First intermediate period
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First Intermediate Period- Dynasties 7-10
-Decentralization- isn’t centralized -Drought->no taxes-> cant give money to governors and they start to rule so pharaoh didn’t have power -Became chiefdom from the drought and famine |
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who built the pyramids
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No slaves- farmers built them
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why did they build them
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-Three months period where the water rises and drowns the crops
-Pharaoh keeps some stored away, trade for food and working of the pyramids -Totally dependent on the Pharaoh or else couldn't live |
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didn't make as many because...
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-Became very expensive-4th dynasty
-Had to feed farmers and skilled village people year round, caused them to be broke |
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who else built the pyramids
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-Found people that worked on the pyramid year round and were skillful
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the three people after they died
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BA- bird with the head of the person
KA- twin/double of the decease SHU-shadow Were not spirits |
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belief of death
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-No word for death
-Didn’t believe the soul left the body -Did the same in an afterlife as you did on earth except forever |
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Preparation
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-important to preserve the body so when the ba, ka and shu left
-they knew which body was theirs when they came back -Also put statutes in the tomb incase something happened to the body so they could animate them |
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how they mummified the bodies
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-Used a naturally occurring salt
-natron- to preserve the body; sucked out liquids -Took out internal organs except the heart-called eviscerating |
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what was in the tombs
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-Had a false door made of stone for the bks to go through
-Showed a picture of them eating-thought words were magic- thought they would come to life -Had an offering table with food |
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the ceremony before the burial
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-River and Canal brought the body down to the valley temple
-Had an opening of the mouth ceremony- priest dressed in an anubis(jackal), held ankh to the mouth so they could eat, speak and breath -Then the passageway to the tomb was sealed |
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the "cheat sheet"
where they were |
Book of the Dead- cheat sheets of how they would be judged
The cheat sheet was either written on the tomb walls or a piece of paper stuck with the mummy |
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judgement( w/monsters)
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Had to go through 12 gates, each had o monster that would ask them a question and if they didn’t answer it, they would be eaten
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hall of judgement
procedures |
-would take your heart and weigh it against the flower of truth
-weighed, could say something in your defense (cheat sheet) |
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characters that judged you
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-Osiris- god of the dead, looked like a vertebrate
-Thoth- god of writing, scribes, wisdom appeared as an ibris (bird with long beak) wrote down the judgement; pharaohs that died to be Osiris -Anubis- god of mummification -Maat- goddess of truth, seen with a feather, |
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final outcome
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-If heart was heavier, would be devoured by a crocodile shaped figure, but all
-paintings depicted that they were equal |