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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Layer 1 of the OSI model? |
Physical |
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Layer 2 of the OSI model |
Data Link |
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Layer 3 of the OSI model |
Network |
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Layer 4 of the OSI model |
Transport |
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Layer 5 of the OSI model |
Session |
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Layer 6 of the OSI model |
Presentation |
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Layer 7 of the OSI model |
Application |
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Rhyme to remember OSI model? |
All People Seem To Need Data Processing |
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What layers does the Application Layer interact with? |
Presentation Layer and End User |
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What layers does the Presentation Layer interact with? |
Session and Application layers |
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Some Level 7 protocols? |
DNS, HTTP, FTP, Trivial FTP, DHCP, LDAP, POP3, SMTP, IMAP, SNMP, SMB |
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What layers does the Session Layer interact with? |
Presentation and Transport Layers |
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What layers does the Transport Layer interact with? |
Session and Network Layers |
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Protocols of the Transport Layer? |
TCP, UDP |
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What layers does the Network Layer interact with? |
Transport and Data Link Layers |
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Protocols on the Network Layer? |
IPv4, IPv6, ARP, IGMP, ICMP, IPSec, RIP, OSPF |
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What layers does the Data Link Layer interact with? |
Network and Physical Layers |
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Data Link Layer protocols? |
PPTP, L2TP, Token ring, ATM, Frame relay |
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Sublayers of the Data Link Layer? |
LLC, MAC |
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What layers does the Physical Layer interact with? |
Data Link Layer |
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On what layer/s is data called a PDU? |
Application, Presentation or Session layers |
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What does PDU stand for? |
Protocol Data Unit |
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What layer/s is data called a segment? |
Transport layer |
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At what layer/s is data called a packet? |
Network layer |
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At what layer/s is data called a frame? |
Data Link layer |
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At what layer/s is data called bits? |
Physical layer |
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What does DNS stand for and do? |
Domain Name System. Resolves host names to IP addresses |
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What does HTTP stand for and do? |
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Used to transmit data across the internet for webpages |
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What does FTP stand for and do? |
File Transfer Protocol. Used to transfer files to and from an FTP server, hosted on the internet. Uses TCP. |
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What does TFTP stand for and do? |
Trivial FTP. Lightweight. Used for smaller files, sub as files to routers. Uses UDP. |
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What does DCHP stand for and do? |
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A method of dynamically assigning TCP/IP configuration information (IP, subnet mask, default gateway, etc) to clients. |
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What does LDAP stand for and do? |
Used to query a directory service, like AD DS. |
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What does POP3 stand for and do? |
Post Office Protocol. Email, used to retrieve from POP3 server. |
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What does SMTP stand for and do? |
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Email, sending mail. |
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What does IMAP stand for and do? |
Internet Message Transfer Protocol. Used to receive email. Clients store and manage email on the server, or download. |
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What does SNMP stand for and do? |
Used to manage network devices such as routers and managed switches. Can detect an report issues. |
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What does SMB stand for and do? |
Server Message Block. File transfer protocol. Used for file and printer sharing. |
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What does the application layer do? |
Determines whether sufficient network resources are available for network access. |
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What does the Presentation layer do? |
Acts as a translator, determining how to format and present data. Also data compression, decompression, encryption and decryption. |
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What common methods are used by the presentation layer? |
ASCII and EBCDIC |
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What does the Session layer do? |
Manages connections, or sessions, started, monitoring and ending as needed. Ensures data from applications at the application layer are kept separate. Determines and tracks mode of transmission. |
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What are the different modes of transmission and meanings? |
Simplex: data sent one way. Half-Duplex: sent both ways, but only one way at a time. Full-Duplex: send and receive at same time. |
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Protocols that operate on the Session layer? |
NetBIOS, RPC |
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What does the Transport Layer do? |
Transports data. Flow control, reliability and error checking. Divides data into segments and reassembles received data. Manages the ordering of segments. |
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Protocols on the Transmission layer? |
TCP, UDP |
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What does TCP stand for and do? |
Transmission Control Protocol. Connection orientated. Provides guaranteed delivery of data. |
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What does UDP stand for and do? |
User Datagram Protocol. Best-effect method of data delivery. Not guaranteed delivery. Connectionless. Less overheads. Usually used for media streaming and diagnostic messages. |
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How does TCP work? |
Session established using 3-way-handshake.ACKs and NACKs at the end of each sliding window of data. ACKs and NACKs at the end of each sliding window of data. ACKs and NACKs at the end of each sliding window of data. |
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How does a 3 way handshake work? |
Sending computer sends an synchronize. Receiving computer sends an synchronize and acknowledgement. Sending computer to then sends a final acknowledgement.This establishes a session. |
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What is a sliding window and how does it a work? |
Sliding window is an amount of data passed from one computer to another. As data is passed in each sliding window an acknowledgement is sent from receiving computer, or a negative acknowledgement if data is missing or corrupt. |
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Does UDP check data against modification like TCP? |
Yes, both use checksum. |
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What is ARP and what does it do? |
Address Resolution Protocol. When a message to a new IP address is received, ARP broadcasts the IP. All computers check it against their own and the correct computer responds with their MAC address. This is then stored. |
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How long does ARP cache the MAC address for? |
2 to 10 minutes |
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How can you view the ARP cache? |
arp -a in command prompt |
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How can you view the ARP cache? |
arp -a in command prompt |
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What does HTTP stand for and do? |
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Defines how files on the WWW are formatted, transmitted an rendered in web browsers. |
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What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS? |
HTTPS is HTTP over secure sockets layer (SSL). This offers encryption. |
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What is Telnet and what does it do? |
A command line interface that allows bidirectional communication with network devices and other systems on a network. Allows terminal emulation. Transfers data in clear text. |
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What is SSL and what does it do? |
Secure Sockets Layer. An encryption protocol. Uses digital certificates to provide confidentiality, integrity and authentication. |
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What is TLS and what does it do? |
Transport Layer Security. Security protocol. Similar to SSL. |
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What is SSH and what does it do? |
Secure Shell. An encryption protocol used by other protocols. Replaced Telnet in many applications. |
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What does Kerberos do? |
Main authentication protocol used within a MS domain. |
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What does PPTP stand for and do? |
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. VPN protocol. Provides a secure connection over a public network. |
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What is L2TP and what does it do? |
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol. Used with VPNs. |
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What does IGMP stand for and do? |
Internet Group Multicast Protocol. Used for IPv4 multicast transmissions. |
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What does ICMP stand for and do? |
Internet Control Message Protocol. Core protocol used to send error messages. Communicates the availablity or unavailability of services. |
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What Layer of the OSI model does ICMP function at? |
Network Layer. |
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What troubleshooting tools use ICMP? |
Ping, PathPing and TraceRt. |
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What port ranges are 'well known ports'? |
0-1023 |
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What port ranges are 'registered ports'? |
1024-49,151 |
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What port ranges are 'dynamic ports'? |
49,152-65,535 |
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What ports are not registered and can be used for any purpose? |
Dynamic ports |
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What protocol is port 20-21 and is it TCP or UDP? |
FTP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 22 and is it TCP or UDP? |
SSH, TCP |
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What protocol is port 23 and is it TCP or UDP? |
Telnet, TCP |
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What protocol is port 25 and is it TCP or UDP? |
SMTP, TCP SMTP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 110 and is it TCP or UDP? |
POP3, TCP |
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What protocol is port 143 and is it TCP or UDP? |
IMAP4, TCP |
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What protocol is port 80 and is it TCP or UDP? |
HTTP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 443 and is it TCP or UDP? |
HTTPS, TCP |
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What protocol is port 53 and is it TCP or UDP? |
DNS, TCP/UDP |
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What protocol is port 88 and is it TCP or UDP? |
Kerberos, TCP |
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What protocol is port 389 and is it TCP or UDP? |
LDAP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 636 and is it TCP or UDP? |
SLDAP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 161-162 and is it TCP or UDP? |
SNMP, UDP |
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What protocol is port 3389 and is it TCP or UDP? |
Remote desktop services, TCP |
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What protocol is port 1723 and is it TCP or UDP? |
PPTP, TCP |
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What protocol is port 1701 and is it TCP or UDP? |
L2TP, UDP |
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Class A IPv4 address ranges? |
1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.254 |
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Class B IPv4 address ranges? |
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.254 |
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Class C IPv4 address ranges? |
192.0.0.0 - 223.255.225.254 |
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What are Class D IPv4 addresses used for, and ranges? |
Multicasting. 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.254 |
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What are Class E addresses used for, and ranges? |
Reserved. 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 |
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What are the 3 ranges of IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks? Can all the addresses be used? |
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.255.255 No, first and last IP in each range is unusable. |
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APIPA range? |
168.25.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 |
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IPv6 2 /3 Prefix meaning? |
Global Unicast addresses. Commonly start 2001: |
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IPv6 2001:0000 /32 meaning? |
Teredo tunneling protocol address. Used for IPv4 and IPv6 compatibility. |
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IPv6 fe80 /10 meaning? |
Link-local addresses. |
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IPv6 fc /7 (fd /8) meaning? |
Unique local Unicast addresses. Internal networks. Private IPs |
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Cat 5 Speed and freq? |
Rated at 100Mbps 100MHz |
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CAT 5E Speed and freq? |
Rated up to 1000Mbps (1Gbps ethernet) 100MHz |
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CAT 6 Speed and freq? |
Rated up to 1000 Mbps (1Gbps Ethernet) or up to 10Gbps for shorter runs (up to 55m). 250MHz |
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CAT 6A Speed and freq? |
Rated up to 10,000 Mbps (10Gbps Ethernet) 500MHz Improved resistance to cross-talk and noise. |
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CAT 7 Speed and freq? |
Rated up to 1000Mbps 600MHz Shielded. |
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Difference between single mode and multimode fibre? |
Single mode: Smaller. Used for long distance runs. 10Gbps up to 40km. Glass core. Multimode: 100Mbps up to 2km and 10Gbps up to 300m. Plastic core. Different light sources supported. |
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wireless standard 802.11a specs? |
54Mbps. 5 GHz. 30m. |
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wireless standard 802.11b specs? |
11Mbps. 2.4GHz. 35m. |
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Whats more susceptible to interference, 2.4 or 5 GHz? |
2.4GHz |
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wireless standard 802.11g specs? |
54Mbps. 2.4GHz. 35m. |
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wireless standard 802.11n specs? |
300Mbps. 2.4GHz or 5GHz. 70m. |
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On drawings, ports labelled E mean? |
10Mbps Ethernet |
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On drawings, ports labelled F mean? |
100Mbps Fast Ethernet. |
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On drawings, ports labelled Gi mean? |
1000Mbps Gigabit. |
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Which command line tool identifies the default gateway? |
ipconfig |
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What command line command shows the routing table? |
route print |
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What does RRAS stand for? |
Routing and Remote Access Services |
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Characteristics of Host names? |
Up to 255 characters Used internally and on internet Given by DNS Hierarchical namespace (part of an FQDN) |
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Characteristics of NetBIOS names? |
15 readable chars (16th identifies a service) Used on internal networks Given by WINS Flat namespace (single level names only) |
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How many characters in an FQDN and in what format? |
255 chars Letters numbers periods and hyphens No more than 63 chars between each period. |
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What makes a FQDN? Example of one? |
When a host in connected to a domain, he full computer name is the FQDN. success1.networking.mta of domain networking.mta |
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What's best practice with hostnames? |
Limit characters to 15 for compatibility with NetBIOS |
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What does NetBIOS stand for? |
Network Basic Input/Output System. |
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Are all NetBIOS names 15 chars? How? |
Yes. Excess is made of trailing spaces for padding. |
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How do you view NetBIOS names registered by a system? |
nbstat -n |
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What common hexadecimal codes can the 16th bit of NetBIOS be and their meanings? |
00: workstation used to maintain client network connections to other computers on the network. OR a domain name on group type. 20: file server service. The computer can share files and printer over the network. 23\24: Microsoft exchange 1C: domain controller 1B: domain master browser |
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List of 8 ways to resolve names to IP addresses? |
DNS Host cache Host file WINS NetBIOS cache Lmhosts file Broadcast LLMNR |
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How to view hose cache? |
ipconfig /displaydns |
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How to view NetBIOS cache? |
nbstat -c |
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What do DNS A records do? |
Resolves hot names to IPv4 addresses |
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What do DNS AAAA records do? |
Resolves host names to IPv6 addresses |
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What do DNS PTR records do? |
Resolves IP addresses to host names |
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What do DNS CNAME records do? |
Resolves one host name to another host name, allowing multiple computer names to replies to one IP. |
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What do DNS MX records do? |
Mail exchange servers |
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What do DNS SRV records do? |
Required by Active Directory to locate servers running specific services (domain controller etc) |
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What do DNS NS records do? |
Identifies DNS name servers |
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What do DNS root servers do? How many are there? Where do they fit in? |
Top of the hierarchy. 13 in the world. Know the addresses of .com, .net, .org etc. |
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How do you flush the host DNS cache? |
ipconfig /flushdns |
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Where is the Hosts file found? |
C:\windows\system32\drivers\etc |
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What command an be used to ping local host? |
ping localhost |
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What does WINS stand for? What is it? |
Windows Internet Names Service Microsoft's implementation of a NetBIOS server |
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Where are WINS names cached? |
NetBIOS cache. |
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How do you flush a NetBIOS cache? |
nbstat -R. Must be uppercase |
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What does LLMNR stand for? |
Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. |
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What does LLMNR do? |
Similar to broadcasts for name resolution, but for IPv4 an IPv6. |
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Steps in Host name resolution? |
1. Checks whether queried name is same as it's host name. 2. Checks host cache. 3. Queries DNS server. 4. Checks NetBIOS cache. 5. Queries WINS server. 6. Attempts to resolve using broadcast. 7. Checks lmhosts file. |
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Steps in NetBIOS name resolution? |
1. Checks NetBIOS name cache. 2. Query DNS for a name is GlobalNames Zone 3. Query WINS server. 4. Broadcast. 5. Checks own NetBIOS name. 6. Checks Host cache. 7. Queries DNS |
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Types of NetBT nodes and meanings? |
B-node (broadcast): sends only broadcast P-node (peer-to-peer): Queries a DNS M-node (mixed): Comines B- and P-nodes. Broadcast by default. H-node (hybrid): Combines B- and P-nodes. WINS by default. Microsoft enhanced B-node: Broadcast then lmhost file. |
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What is NetBT? |
A system windows uses to resolve NetBIOS (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) |
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What is PAT? What's it an implementation of? |
Port Address Translation. NAT |
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How does PAT work? |
1. Router running NAT receives a request and logs the source and destination IPs on an internal table. 2. Creates a new packet and changes the source IP to its own public IP, changes source port to an unused port in the dynamic port range. 3. When it receives a response, it checks the source port against its internal table and forwards the packet onto the original IP. |
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Benefits of a proxy server? |
Caching: webpages are cached and redistributed. Saves bandwidth. Filtering: restricts content available. Content checking: check certificates and ensures content isn't malicious. |
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What is the process when a client goes through a proxy to the internet? |
1. Clients forwards request to proxy 2. Proxy checks internal filter. a. If blocked, request isn't filled. b. If okay, retrieves website. 3. When received, content is checked by proxy. Suspicious content is blocked. 4. Caches webpage 5. Sent to client. |
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Can you bypass a proxy for local addresses? |
Yes. In browser. |
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List the different types of firewall. |
Packet-filtering Stateful filtering Content filtering Application Layer filtering |
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How does a packet filtering firewall work? |
Filters traffic based on IP addresses, ports, an some protocols. |
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How does a stateful filtering firewall work? |
Traffic is filtered based on the state of the network connection. Examines packets in different conversations and makes decisions based on network states. If traffic isn't part of a known connection, its blocked. |
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How does a content filtering firewall work? |
Often performed on email servers. For example, malware is often a zip file in an email attachment. |
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How does an Application Layer filtering firewall work? Example |
Filtered base on an application or service. They use a separate component for each application, an use the relevant protocol to examine the traffic. Http used to access internet. Http get commands could be allowed but put commands blocked. |
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What policy do not firewalls use? |
Implicit deny policy. Unless explicitly allowed it'll be blocked. |
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What does SSID stand for? What does it mean? |
Service Set Identifier Name of the wireless network |
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How many characters can an SSID have? |
32 |
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What does CSMA/CD mean? |
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detenction |
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What does CSMA/CA mean and how does it work? |
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance. The computer sending will listen for anything else sending. If there is, it'll wait a random amount of time, then listen again. When it's clear it will send. |
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What is RTS/CTS? |
Request to send/clear to send. Sending computer send RTS frame to the destination computer. I yes, the packet is sent in established session. All computers listening wait. |
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What does FHSS stand for? |
Frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum |
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What does DSSS stand for? |
Direct-sequence spread spectrum |
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What does OFDM stand for? |
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. |
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What does FHSS do, and how is it used? |
Hops between frequencies in a pseudorandom pattern, in 1MHz increments. Used in Bluetooth. |
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What does DSSS do? |
Uses the full bandwidth of he frequency. Has channels. Each channel has a spectrum of 22MHz. Channel 1, 6 and 11 won't interfere with each other. Uses the centre frequency of the chosen channel and modulates, consuming the entire frequency. |
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Is DSSS resistant to inference? |
Yes. |
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What does OFDM do? |
Splits the frequency into smaller subsignals and transmits data simultaneously across them. |
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What standardS use OFDM? |
802.11a, 802.11g. 802.11n uses enhanced OFDN by combining multiple antennas. |
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About IEEE 802.11 |
First WiFi standard. 2.5MHz 2Mbps max, throughput of .7 Mbps. Susceptible to interference. Not widely adopted. |
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About IEEE 802.11a |
5MHz 54 Mbps Full speed 15-30m. Max 30m. |
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About IEEE 802.11b |
2.4GHz 11Mbps Uses DSSS
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About IEEE 802.11g |
2.4GHz 54Mbps Both b and g compatible (at 11Mbps) Uses OFDM
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About IEEE 802.11n |
300Mbps with possibility for 450Mbps Uses MIMO antenna tech. Backwards compatible with a, b and g. |
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What does MIMO stand for? |
Multiple in, multiple out |
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What does WEP stand for? |
Wired Equivalent Privacy. |
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What does WPA stand for? |
WiFi Protected Access |
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What does WPA2 stand for? |
WiFi Protected Access 2 |
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Name the newest WiFi security method? |
802.1x |
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What does RADIUS stand for? |
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service |
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Which security method can use RADIUS? |
802.1x |
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Which IEEE was WPA2 standardised in? |
802.11i |
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What is the AES algorithm? |
Advanced Encryption Standard. Strongest symmetric Encryption available. |
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What is TKIP? |
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. Changes keys without user needing to change passwords. |
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WPA2 personal mode key type? |
Preshared. |
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What's needed for WPA2 enterprise mode? |
802.1x server. |
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What is a BSS? |
Basic Service Set. A wireless network of 1 WAP and 1 or more devices. |
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What is an ESS? |
Extended Service Set. More then 1 WAP, each WAP supporting 1 or more devices. Additional WAPs act as repeaters. |
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What is an IBSS? |
Computers connected in ad-hoc mode |
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What is P2P wireless used for? What conditions are there? |
Connecting 2 buildings networks using a wireless bridge, under 25 miles. Must have line-of-sight. |
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What is the Fresnel zone? |
The area under and above the direct line of sight of two transceivers that are connected |
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Dial-up speeds and availablity? |
50kbps Anywhere a phone line is |
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Dial-up speeds and availablity? |
50kbps Anywhere a phone line is |
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Broadband speeds and availablity? |
Up to 30Mbps Urban areas that have cable TV |
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DSL meaning, speeds and availablity? |
Digital Subscriber Line Up to 24Mbps Within 2 miles of a telephone company |
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Satellite speeds and availablity? |
Typically up to 10Mbps Widely available but needs unobstructed view |
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WiMAX meaning, speeds and availablity? |
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Up to 40Mbps Some cities |
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What does POTS stand for? |
Plain Old Telephone Service |
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ADSL meaning? |
Asymmetric DSL |
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SDSL meaning? |
Symmetric DSL |
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VDSL meaning? |
Very high bit rate DSL |
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T1 speed and availablity? |
1.544Mbps Widely available in US |
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T3 speeds and availablity? |
44.736Mbps Used in US when higher bandwidth needed. |
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E1 speeds and availablity? |
2.048Mbps Europe |
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E3 speeds and availablity? |
34.368Mbps Europe |
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WAN DSL speeds and availablity? |
Up to 24Mbps Similar to DSL. More affordable than T1, T3, E1 E3 |
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ISDN speeds? |
128Kbps (BRI) (2 B channels 1 D channel) 1.472Mbps (PRI) (23 B channels 1 D channel) |
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P2P wireless bridge speeds and availablity? |
Up to 54Mbps Widely available, but limited to line of sight |
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Ethernet WAN speeds and availablity? |
Up to 10Gbps Urban areas |
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DS levels, channels and speeds? |
DS0, 1 channel, 64Kbps DS1, 24 DSOs (T1 on copper wire), 1.544Mbps DS3, 28 DSOs (T3 on copper wire), 44.736Mbps E1, 32 time slots, 2.048Mbps E3, 512 IME slots, 34.368Mbps |
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What does ISDN stand for? |
Integrated Services Digital Network |
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B channel meaning? |
Bearer channel |
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D channel meaning? |
Data channel |
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2 base types of ISDN? |
BRI basic rate interface. PRI primary rate interface. |
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BRI details? |
2 64Kbps B channels 1 16Kbps D channel |
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PRI details? |
23 64Kbps B channels 1 64Kbos D channel |
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CSU/DSU meaning? |
Chanel Service Unit/Data Service Unit |
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Ethernet WAN speeds and distance? |
Up to 10Gbps Up to 40km |
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Some protocols used by MS RAS server? |
PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAPv2, EAP |
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PAP meaning and details? |
Password authentication protocol Passes the password across the wire in clear text. |
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CHAP meaning and details? |
Challenge Handshake Authentication protocol Encrypted authentication. Uses MD5 to encrypt. Non-MS clients can use it. |
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PAP meaning MD5 meaning? |
Message Digest 5 |
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MS-CHAPv2 meaning and details? |
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol V2 More secure Mutual authentication |
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EAP meaning and details? |
Extensible Authentication Protocol Supports additional methods (PEAP, Smart cards) |
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PEAP meaning? |
Protected EAP |
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What security protocol does PEAP and smart cards use? |
TLS |
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MS RAS? |
Remote Access Services |
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VPN protocols, NAT compatibility,ports and security?h |
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How to ping loopback on IPv6? |
ping loopback |
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How to ping loopback on IPv4? |
ping -4 loopback |
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How to get help for commands? |
/? After the command |
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How to show a single page at a time on command help? |
/? | more |
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How to output to a text file in command? |
> config.txt |
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How to access additional option on a command? |
/ or - switches |
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How to release a DHCP lease? |
ipconfig /release ipconfig /release6 admin needed |
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How to renew an DHCP IP lease? |
ipconfig /renew ipconfig /renew6 |
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How to register a computers name and IP with a DNS server? |
ipconfig /registerdns |
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What tool test name resolution? |
ping |
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ping -t meaning? |
Ping until stopped CTRL C stops it |
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ping -a meaning? |
Resolves IP to host name |
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ping -w meaning? |
Changes timeout from 1 second to 5 |
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What does PathPing do? |
ping and TraceRt together |
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PathPing -n? |
Suppresses IP address to name resolution |
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PathPing -q? |
Changes number of queries per hop. |
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What does netstat do? |
Display info on TCP/IP connections on a computer |
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netstat -a |
All connections and listening ports |
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netstat -b |
Shoes connections that all applications are using to connect on the network |
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Netstat -e |
Shoes Ethernet statistics |
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Netstat -f |
Shows FQDNS |
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Netstat -n |
Shows addresses and port numbers in numerical form. |
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Netstat -o |
Includes he processes that own the connection |
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Netstat -p protocolname |
Shows connections for specific protocols. IP, IPv6, ICMP, ICMPv6, TCP, TCPv6, UDP, UDPv6 |
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Netstat -r |
Statistics for the routing table |
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Netstat -s |
Statistics for protocols running |
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Netstat -interval |
Displays statistics after waiting the interval period |
