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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigen Variation
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P. 217
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What is antigenic variation?
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When pathogens change their proteins (surface, flagellar, etc) so that they can escape the immune system's antibodies.
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What are two mechanisms of antigenic shift?
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DNA re-arrangement, and RNA re-arrangement
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What type of antigenic shift does Borrelia have?
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It changes it's surface proteins and causes replacing fevers - each new fever corresponds to new growth of the bacteria due to new antigens.
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What bacteria has antigenic shift in its flagella?
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Salmonella has two types of flagella, and it can shift between them.
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What type of shifting does n. Gonorrhea undergo?
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There is DNA recombinations that cause its pillus to be hypervariable.
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African sleeping sickness is caused by what bacteria?
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Trypanosome brucie
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What kind of antigen shift does t. Brucie have?
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The Trypanosomes shift the proteins on their membranes in a cyclic, pre-programmed manner, leading to cyclic fevers.
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Influenza has both antigenic shift and antigenic drift. What is the difference between the two?
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Drift is a minor change in surface glycoproteins that allows new stains of flu to avoid host defense. Shift is a major change where new surface proteins are created.
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What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza?
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when two types of flu infect the same cell and trade pieces of RNA new proteins are made.
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Autoantibodies
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P. 217
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ANA is associated with?
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SLE
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What is specific for SLE
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anti ds-DNA, anti-Smith
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What is associated with drug-induced lupus?
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antihistone
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What is Rheumatoid Factor
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anti-IgG, associated with Rhematoid arthritis
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What is Anti-neurophil associated with?
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vasculitis
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What indicates CREST scleroderma?
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Anti-centromere antibody
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what is anti-mitochondrial associated with?
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primary billiary cirrosis
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What indicates celaic sprue?
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anti-gliaden antibodies
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What is anti-basement membrane associated with?
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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What indicates pemphigus vulgaris?
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anti-epithelial antibodies
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What is anti-microsomal associated with?
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Hashimoto's thryroiditis
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Transplant Rejection
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P. 217
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What is hyperacute rejection?
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This occurs when the host has pre-formed antibodies to the donor
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How fast does this occur?
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Within minutes of the transplant
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Can it be controlled?
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No. IT is innate because the antibodies are already into the blood.
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What is acute rejection?
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a cell mediated type II cytotoxic response that occurs in the weeks following the rejection
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What molecule causes this reaction?
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the foreign MHC on the transplant
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Can it be controlled?
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Yes, with immunosuppressive drugs.
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What is chronic rejection?
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Antibody mediated vascular necrosis that happens over months/years
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Can it be controlled?
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No - the damage is permenant.
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What is graft-versus-host disease?
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This occurs when graft T-cells proliferate in the immune-suppressed host and attack the host cells as foreign.
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