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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is mRNA processed in the nucleus?
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5'-cap (methylated GTP), poly A tail (3' end), introns removed and exons spliced together
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What is a holoenzyme?
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bacterial core enzyme plus alpha factor
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What is a cistron?
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bacteria--region of DNA that encodes a single protein
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What is the does polymerase 1, 2, and 3 encode for?
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polymerase 1- makes rRNA, 2- mRNA 3- tRNA
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How is the parental strand in DNA read?
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3'-->5' direction
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How is the new strand in DNA replication read?
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5' to 3' direction
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What is the function of primase?
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Bacteria--RNA polymerase, copies parental strand and makes a RNA primer
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What is the function of polymerase 3?
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Bacteria
-major DNA polymerase, replicates both parenteral strands -proofreads -3' exonuclease activity, removes wrong nucleotides |
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What is the function of sigma?
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Humans
major DNA polymerase produces leading strand helicase activity (no proofreading, no exonculease activity) "sigma, special, makes leading" |
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What is the function of alpha?
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Humans
DNA polymerase produces lagging strand |
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What minor DNA polymerases do DNA repair (3' exonuclease activity)?
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Human
beta, epsilon |
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What is the mitochondrial DNA polymerase?
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Human
gamma |
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What does endonuclease do?
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in-cisions of DNA
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What does exo-nuclease do?
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removal of nucleotides form incised end
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What derives from the ectoderm?
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neural tube (CNS), neural crest (PNS), placodes (sensory organs), surface epithelium (skin)
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What derives from the mesoderm?
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somites (muscles, vertebral column)
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What derives from the endoderm?
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epithelium of the gut, liver, pancreas, thymus thyroid
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What is Meckel's Diverticulum?
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2-2-2
2% of people within 2 feet of the ileocecal jxn 2 cm long **may mimic appendicitis |
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What is the action of the 1st arch?
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chewing (muscles of mastication, facial artery, V3, malleus and incus)
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What is the action of the 2nd arch?
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moving face (muscles of facial expression, carotid artery, CN 7, stapes/hyoid/lesser horns of hyoid)
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What is the action of 3rd arch?
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stylopharyngeus (stylopharyngeal muscel, internal carotid artery, CN 9, hyoid)
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What is the action of the 4th arch?
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talking (pharyngeal muscles, larynx, CN 10, larynx)
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What is the only pouch that remains throughout our lives?
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first pouch--tympanic cavity and eustachian tube
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What are the pharyngeal clefts (spaces)?
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1- external auditory meatus 2-4: sinuses
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What controls male differentiation?
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1. Wolff is sustained by testosterone (from Leydig cells)
2. Muller suppressed by mullerian inhibitory factor (sertoli cells) |
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What does the embrylogical structure does the allantois turn into?
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urinary bladder and urachus
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What does the embrylogical structure does the ureteric bud turn into?
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bladder trigonum, ureter, collecting tubules
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What does the embrylogical structure does the metanephros turn into?
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kidney
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What are the embryological features of the heart during fetal period?
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ductus arteriosus (avoids blood from going to the lungs), foramen ovale (keeps the atria patent)
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What are the embryological features of the heart during postnatal period?
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ductus arterious-->ligamentum arteriosum, foramen ovale-->fossa ovalis
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What goes through the superior orbital fissure?
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Cranial nerves: 3, 4, 5, 6
sympathetic nerves opthalmic veins |
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What goes through the foramen spinosum?
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middle meningeal artery
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What goes through the internal auditory meatus?
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CN 7, 8
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What goes through the hypoglossal canal?
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CN 12
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What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?
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trochlear nerve
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What happens when the abducens nerve is paralyzed?
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unable to abduct eye, diplopia (double vision)
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What happens when the trochlear nerve is paralyzed?
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slight vertical double image, down and out
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What is mydriasis?
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dialation, controlled by the dilator pupillae (sympathetic control)
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What raises the eye lid?
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levator palpebrae and muller's muscle
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What are the signs of horner's syndrome?
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miosis (small pupils), ptosis (drooping eyelid), read and dry facial skin on affected side
**caused by neck injuries or tumors |
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What are the three muscles controlled by CN 12 (hypoglossal nerve)?
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genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus
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What happens when the hypoglossal nerve is damaged?
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tongue deviates toward the side of damage
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What controls taste and temp on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
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CN 9
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What controls taste on the ant 2/3 of the tongue?
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CN 7
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What controls touch and temp on the ant 2/3 of the tongue?
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V3
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What arch is the mandible adn the muscles that move it derived from?
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first arch (chewing)
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What does the lateral pterygoid control?
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opens mouth, protrudes mandible, lateral displacement
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What muscles open the mouth?
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lateral pterygoid, digastri, geniohyoid
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What muscle closes the mouth?
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masseter
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What muscle protrudes the mandible?
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lateral pterygoid
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What muscle retracts mandible?
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temporalis
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What lateral displaces the mandible?
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lateral pterygoid
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What are the muscles of the mandible?
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Temporalis: retracts mandible
Lateral pterygoid: opens mouth Masseter: closes mouth |
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What are the 4 cartiladges that make up the larynx?
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cricoid, thyroid, pair of arytenoid
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What could cause the recurrent nerve to be injured?
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thyroidectomy, carotid endarectomy, operations in anterior triangle of the neck
unilateral damage-->hoarse bilateral-->dyspnea |
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Which nerve wraps around aortic arch?
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left recurrent nerve
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Which nerve wraps around right sublclavian artery?
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right recurrent nerve
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What are the 2 ways to initate the cough reflex?
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above glottis-->superior laryngeal nerve
below glottis-->recurrent nerve |
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What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
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supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (inward rotation, medial)
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Damage to which nerve induces scapular winging?
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long thoracic nerve
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What muscles control AB-duction?
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deltoid, (first 60 degrees), serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve)
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What controls anteversion and retroversion of the shoulder?
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anteversion-- deltoid, retroversion--pteres major
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What controls outward rotation?
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infraspinatus
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What controls inward rotation of the shoulder?
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subscapular muscle
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What are the muscles that connect humerus to scapula?
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deltoid, supraspinatus, subscapularis, corobrachialis, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major
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What are the three trunks and associated spinal rami, terminal nerves?
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UPPER TRUNK- C5-C6, musculocutanous nerve
MIDDLE TRUNK: C7, axillary/radial/median nerves LOWER TRUNK: C8-T1, ulnar nerve LOWER TRUNK |
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What are the S/S of upper brachial plexus injury?
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waiter's tip pxn (arm hangs in medial rotation)
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What are the S/S of posterior cord injury?
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wrist drop (radial nerve injury)
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What are the S/S of lower brachial plexus injury?
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"claw hand" ulnar nerve injury
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What are the S/S of humerus fracture?
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risk of radial nerve injury, spiral down near humerus
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What causes wrist drop?
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radial nerve injury
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What causes claw hand?
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ulnar nerve injury
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What are the nerves that innervate the arm?
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radial nerve (posterior, dorsal hand), median (2.5 fingers palms and tips), ulnar (1.5 fingers palms and tips), musculocutaneous (extensor part of the forearm)
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What innervates biceps brachii?
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musculocutaneous nerve
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What innervates triceps brachii?
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radial nerve
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What innervates pronator teres?
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median nerve
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What flexes the thumb?
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floxr pollicis (thumb) longus
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What flexes the wrist and medial 4 digits?
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flexor digitorum profundus
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What flexes and adducts the wrist?
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flexor carpi ulnaris
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What flexes the wrist?
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palmaris longus
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What innervates the formearm flexors of wrists and fingers + digitalis profundus?
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median nerve
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What innervates all intrinsic hand muscles, carpi ulnaris, and dig profund besides those supplied by the median nerve?
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ulnar nerve
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What are the innervations of the hand?
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radial: thumb, median: 2nd and 3rd digit tips and posterior, ulnar 4th and 5th digit tips and posterior
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What muscle does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?
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gluteus maximus
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What muscle does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
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gluteus medius and minimus
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What gluteal muscles control outward and inward rotation of the hip?
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outward--gluteus maximus, inward--gluteus minimus and medius
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What controls extension of hip?
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gluteus maximus (innervated by inferior gluteal nerve)
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What controls ab-duction of the hip?
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gluteus medius (innervated by superior gluteal nerve)
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What are the medial thigh muscles?
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pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis
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What are the anterior thigh muscles?
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sartorius, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis
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