*9* Micro Gene Reg.

Front 1

Constitutive enzymes

Back 1

Produced constantly (present at all times) Not subject to repression. Other enzyme are expressed only as needed.

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Repressible enzymes

Back 2

Enzymes that are subject to repression.

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Inducible enzymes

Back 3

Produced by the cell only when needed.

Front 4

Operon Model

Back 4

A set of operator and promotor sites, and the structural genes they control.

check notes

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Regulatory gene

Back 5

Codes for the repressor protein.

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Promotor

Back 6

Site of RNA polymerase attachment.

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Operator gene

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Acts as a switch. Controls transcription of the structural gene.

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Structural gene

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Codes for the A.A. sequence of a protein.

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Repressible operon

Back 9

Normally in the "on" mode but is turned off when the gene product is in abundance.

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corepressor

Back 10

The gene product acts as a ___________. This activates the repressor.

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DNA technology/Biotechnology

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The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product.

e.g. foods, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes.

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Genetic Engineering

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The manipulation of genetic material for practical purposes.

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Artificial selection

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Breed/Culture a naturally-occurring organism/microbe that produces desired product.

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Mutation

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Mutagens cause _________ that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait.

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Site-directed mutagenesis

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Change a specific DNA code to change a protein.

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Recombinant DNA technology

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Techniques for recombining genes from different sources in vitro and transferring this __________ _____ into a cell where it may be expressed. Allows genes to be moved across species barriers.

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natural

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Recombinant DNA overcomes ________ barriers. Anatomical, Molecular, physical appearance, behavior, molecular.

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Restriction enzymes

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Discovered in bacteria
Destroy bacteriophage DNA and DNA picked up in transformation in bacterial cells. Cannot digest (host) DNA because of methylated cytosines.

Recognize short, specific nucleotide sequences.

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Recognition sequences

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"symmetrical" sequences 4-8 nucleotides running in opposite directions.

Front 20

Palindromes

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e.g.
GAATTC on one strand and CTTAAG on the other.

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Restriction enzyme

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___________ ________ cut btwn the same adjacent nucleotides on both strands.

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restriction fragments

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The cutting from R. enzyme results in "_____________________".

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Restriction fragments

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Double-stranded DNA with single stranded ends. "sticky ends"

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sticky ends

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These _________ ______ are used to join DNA from different sources.

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hydrogen bonds

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These DNA coming together from different sources are unions that are temporary which means they are held together by ___________ ______.

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Outcome

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A DNA molecule carrying a new combination of genes.

Front 27

Gel Electrophoroesis

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Separates molecules based on size and electrical charge.

Used to separate restriction fragments.

Isolate and purify individual fragments.

Band patterns used in DNA fingerprinting.

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Vectors

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Carry new DNA to desired cell.

Shuttle, plasmids, and viruses.

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Shuttle vectors

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_________ _______ can move cloned DNA among several different species.

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vectors

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Plasmids and viruses can also be used as ________. (recombinant DNA molecules are useful only if they can be made to replicate.

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Gene libraries

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are made of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages.

cDNA is made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase.

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reverse transcriptase

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cDNA is made from mRNA by _________ _____________.

Front 33

Transformation
Electroporation
Protolast fusion
Microinjection
Gene gun

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How can DNA be inserted into the cell?? (5)

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polymerase chain reaction

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PCR

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polymerase chain reaction

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Amplifies DNA

Extremely small samples of DNA can be multiplied to high concentration.

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Clone DNA for recombination
Amplify DNA to detectable levels
Sequence DNA
Diagnose genetic disease
Detect pathogens

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What is polymerase chain reaction used for in terms of medical microbiology?

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphorism

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RFLP analysis

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphorism

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Each person has a unique array of __________ __________ _______ ____________, a "genetic fingerprint".

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Forensic use of RFLP

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approx. 1/million chance two people will have matching DNA fingerprints for the few regions tested.

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Subunit/Piggback vaccines

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Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogens antigens as vaccines.

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Genetic screening

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Diagnosis of genetic disorders.

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Gene therapy

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A therapy that replaces defective or missing genes.

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Antisense RNA

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Complementary to normal RNA. Blocks mRNA from directing protein synthesis.

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DNA probes

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Used to detect and identify pathogens in food and patients.

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Human Genome project

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Nucleotides have been sequenced.

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Human proteome project

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_______ _______ _______ may provide diagnostics and treatments.

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Agricultural Uses

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Insect and disease resistance, Herbicide resistance, retard spoilage, nitrogen fixation.

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Safety issues and ethics

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Avoid accidental release

Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment. Who will have access to an individual's genetic information?

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The operator

Back 49

Where does the repressor protein bind?