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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of organism are fungi?
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Eukaryotes
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How do fungi grow?
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By budding or producing filamentous hyphae
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What are the 2 types of fungi?
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Yeasts
Molds |
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What is Candida?
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A yeast
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Where is Candida normal flora?
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In the skin, mouth, and GI tract
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What is the most common fungus that causes human infections?
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Candida albicans
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What type of pathogen is Candida albicans?
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Opportunistic
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If a patient has candida esophagitis, what do you KNOW?
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They are immunosuppressed... you need to find out what the reason is.
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How do Candida species multiply?
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By producing blastospores and blastoconidia
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What type of pseudohyphae does candida albicans produce?
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Nonbranching
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What is the encapsulated yeast?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What is used to identify C. neoformans?
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India ink stain
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What type of morphology is characteristic of C. neoformans?
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Narrow based budding
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What disease does C. neoformans cause?
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Meningoencephalitis - meningitis
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How is C. neoformans transmitted?
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Via bird droppings and soil
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What is the portal of entry for C. neoformans?
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The lungs
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What are the 3 distinctive virulence factors of C. neoformans?
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1. Capsular polysaccharide
2. Melanin 3. Enzymes |
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What does capsular polysaccharide do?
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Resists phagocytosis
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What does melanin do?
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Resists oxidation in the CNS
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What do enzymes do?
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Allow for tissue invasion
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Where is Aspergillus normally found?
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In soil
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What are 3 diseases caused by Aspergillus?
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-Sinusitis
-Pneumonia -Fungemia |
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What is colonizing aspergillosis?
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A condition similar to TB in which balls of aspergillus form within cavities created by TB granulomas and necrosis.
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What are the hyphae like in aspergillus?
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Septated
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What is Mucormycosis caused by?
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Zygomycetes species
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What patients are susceptible to mucormycosis?
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-Neutropenic patients
-Diabetics in ketoacidosis |
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How does zygomycetes get into the body?
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Via the nose
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What is mucormycosis essentially?
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Melting of the brain
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What are the Phycomycetes?
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Bread mold fungi
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What are Zygomycetes hyphae like?
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Unseptated
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What is the cause of the worst form of malaria?
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Why is plasmodium falciparum so bad?
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It is the MAJOR WORLDWIDE PARASITIC CAUSE OF DEATH
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What bug transmits P. falciparum?
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Anopheles mosquito
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What confers resistance to P. falciparum?
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-Duffy neg phenotypes
-Sickle cell trait |
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What disease results from P. vivax and P. malariae infections?
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Mild anemia
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What is the first cell infected by P. falciparum sporozoites?
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Liver cells
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What do the liver cells release?
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Merozoites
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What do the Merozoites do?
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Infect RBC's
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What happens once the RBCs have merozoites living within them?
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They express a receptor for EC's and bind them and cause microthrombosis within vessels.
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What is the choice method for diagnosing P. falciparum?
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Microscopy of peripheral blood smear
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What is the fever pattern like in malaria?
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3-4 days depending on the cycle of cell infection/lyse/release
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What is the diagnostic sign of P. falciparum?
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Gametocytes in circulation and Signet rings within RBCs
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What is Babesiosis?
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A condition similar to malaria that has fever and hemolytic anemia
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What organism causes Babesiosis? How is it transmitted?
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Babesia microti - transmitted by the Ixodes deer tick
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What is the diagnostic feature of B. microti?
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Maltese cross inclusions in RBCs
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Where is Babesiosis most prevalent?
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In the northeast of US
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What is the causative agent of Leishmaniasis? How is it transmitted?
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Leishmania donovani; transmitted by the Sandfly
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What is Leishmaniasis?
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A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin
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What is it called when Leishmaniasis becomes visceral?
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Kala azar - it means black fever because the limbs are often hyperpigmented
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Where are L. donovani parasites visible?
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Within macrophages in lymph nodes
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What is the agent that causes African sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma gambiense, rhodesiense, or brucei
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What is the vector for Trypanosoma transmission that causes sleeping sickness?
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The tsetse fly
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What distinguishes Trypanosoma rhodesiense/gambiense/brucei form Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Cruzi = intracellular
Others = extracellular trypanosomes circulate in blood |
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What bug transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
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The kissing bug (reduviid)
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What is Chagas disease the most frequent precursor to?
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The most frequent cause of heart failure in Brazil and neighboring countries.
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