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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 components of the Respiratory Control System?
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1. Controller elements
2. Effectors 3. Sensors |
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What are the controller elements, where are they?
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Brainstem - pons and medulla
Spinal cord |
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What are the effectors and what controls them?
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The muscles and lungs - controlled by the brain.
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What is achieved by the respiratory muscles?
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Transport of air from the atmosphere to alveoli.
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How does the controller in the brain keep tabs on what is going on in the effectors?
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-Via proprioceptors and lung and upper airway receptors which sense the mechanical status.
-Via CO2 and O2 sensors |
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What are the CO2/O2 receptors called?
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Chemoreceptros
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Where are the primary O2 receptors?
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In the carotid body at the bifurcation of the carotid artery.
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Where are the primary CO2 and H+ receptors?
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In the medulla
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What happens to breathing if you lesion the rostral pons?
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Breathing does not change
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What happens to breathing if you lesion the pontine-cerebellar junction near the cerebellar peduncle??
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Breathing slows and Tidal Volume increases
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What center is located near the pons-cerebellar junction?
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NPBL - nucleus parabrachialis; the pneumotaxic center
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What happens to breathing if you lesion the Pontine-medullary junction?
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Irregular breathing and Gasping
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What happens if you lesion the junction between the medulla and spinal cord?
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Breathing stops
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So will breathing stop in the absence of the pons?
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no
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Will breathing stop in the absence of the medulla?
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Yes
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What happens if you simply cut the vagus nerve?
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Breathing slows and TV increases
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What is important in the Vagus?
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Something that shuts off inspiration
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What is a respiratory neuron?
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Any neuron that is active in some phase of the respiratory cycle
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What are the 3 types of respiratory neurons?
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1. Inspiratory firing
2. Late inspiratory firing 3. Expiratory firing |
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Where are the respiratory neurons found?
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-Mostly in the medulla
-Some in the pons |
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What does the VRG (ventral respiratory group) contain?
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-Nucleus ambiguus
-Retroambiguus |
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What is in the VRG functionally?
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-Motor neurons for the larynx and pharynx
-Premotor neurons for the pump muscles |
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What is just rostral to the rostral VRG?
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-Prebotzinger
-Botzinger -Retrotrapezoid nuclei. |
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What is the prebotzinger important for?
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Respiratory Rythm Generation
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What is contained in the Pontine respiratory group?
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-Kolliker-Fuse nucleus
-Parabrachial nuclei |
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What is in the midline of the medulla? What is its function?
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Nucleus Solitarius tractus - the main site of afferent input from the carotid chemoreceptors and vagus nerve.
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What is the relationship between the RHYTHM generator and PATTERN generator?
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The rythm generator activates the pattern generator neurons
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What is the function of the rythm generator?
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To trigger and initiate the respiratory cycle.
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What is the function of the pattern generator?
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To activate motoneurons for proper sequential activation of respiratory pump and airway contractions.
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Where is the site of the Rhythm Generator?
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Prebotzinger Complex
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What type of muscle rhythm is generated by the Prebotz C?
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Inspiratory
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Where is the expiratory rhythm generator?
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In the RTN - retrotrapezoid nucleus located above the botzinger complex.
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Are all medullary neurons specialized for breathing?
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No; some have multiple physiologic behaviors like regulating vomiting.
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How/where are breathing and other behaviors coordinated?
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Its very controversial, but postulated that something TRIGGERS each behavior, which activates a MASTER PATTERN GENERATOR.
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How does this MASTER PATTERN GENERATOR work?
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It provides the proper sequential activation of muscles needed to perform the behavior with highest priority.
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What are the 2 models for respiratory rhythmogenesis?
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-Pacemaker model
-Network model |
