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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much of hyaline cartilage is mineral content?
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None
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How much of bone is mineral?
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70%
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How much of hyaline cartilage is water?
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75%
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How much of bone is water?
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25%
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What type of collagen is in hyaline cartilage?
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Type II
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What type of cartilage is in bone?
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Type I
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How much of Cartilage is GAGs?
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20%
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How much of bone is GAGs?
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10%
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How much of hyaline is proteoglycan?
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10%
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How much of bone is proteoglycan?
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very low amts
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Which structure has neurovascular structures, hyaline cartilage or bone?
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Bone
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Feature of Cartilage that allows it to be supportive:
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RESILIENCE - when compressed it regains its shape and size.
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Where is ELASTIC cartilage found? (4 places)
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-Auricle
-Ext. auditory meatus -Auditory tube -Larynx |
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Where is HYALINE cartilage found?
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-Nasal
-Larynx -Ribs -Trachea/bronchi -Endplates of bone |
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Where is FIBROCARTILAGE found?
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-Intervertebral disks
-Pubus symphysis -Articular disks -Tendon insertions |
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What type of cartilage is in synovial joints?
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Hyaline
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What does Cartilage tissue consist of?
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-Chondrocytes embedded in
-Cartilage matrix |
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3 Components of Cartilage Matrix:
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-Ground substance
-Fibers -Noncollagenous proteins |
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What is the predominant component of cartilage matrix?
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Ground substance
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What is the Ground Substance of cartilage made of? (3 things)
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-Water
-Ions -Proteoglycans |
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The proteoglycan in cartilage ground substance is:
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Aggrecan
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What is the important feature of aggrecan that makes it functionally important in cartilage?
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High negative charge due to Carboxyl and Sulfate groups - bind to sodium and water.
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What does aggrecan do for cartilage matrix?
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Expands it into a gel
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Where the ground substance Aggrecan gives cartilage matrix its resilience, what do the fibers give it?
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Mechanical stability
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What is the primary fiber found in the cartilage matrix?
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Collagen
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What is the predominant type of collagen found in cartilage? What is its function?
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Type II - gives mechanical stability to cartilage matrix.
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What is the function of type 9 collagen?
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Stabilizies type II collagen networks by facilitating interaction with proteoglycans.
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What is the function of type 10 collagen?
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-Organizes collagen fibrils into a 3D lattice
-Found in hypertrophic areas |
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What is the function of type 11 collagen?
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Regulates type II collagen fibril size.
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What 3 Noncollagenous proteins are found in collagen?
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-Tenascin
-Chondronectin -Anchorin CII |
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What are the cells found embedded in cartilage?
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Chondrocytes
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Where are chondrocytes found in cartilage?
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In cell nests within spaces called lacunae.
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How do chondrocytes change as they age?
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-Grow larger
-Less basophilic -Less apt to mitosis |
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What is the function of chondrocytes?
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To produce and secrete Cartilage Matrix components, and to maintain the integrity of it.
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What do Chondrocytes also produce other than cartilage matrix?
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Enzymes that can degrade cartilage.
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What is the difference between a Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma?
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Chondroma is benign, chondrosarcoma is malignant.
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What is the clinical use of noncollagenous proteins (Chondronectin, tenascin, Anchorin CII) in cartilage?
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Use as markers of cartilage turnover and degeneration.
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What 3 hormones increase cartilage matrix synthesis by chondrocytes?
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-Growth hormone
-Thyroxin -Testosterone |
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What 3 hormones decrease it?
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-Cortisone
-Hydrocortisone -Estradiol |
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What vitamins affect cartilage synthesis?
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Vit A, Vit C, and Vit D
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What does Vit A do to cartilage?
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Acts on epiphyseal cartilage
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What is the result of Vit A
-Excess -Insufficiency |
Excess - reduces width
Insufficiency - accelerates ossification |
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What role does Vit C have in cartilage synthesis?
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Stimulates MATRIX synthesis - especially COLLAGEN
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What does Vit C insufficiency result in?
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The chondrocytes can't make matrix - epiphyseal plates deformed and scurvy.
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What is Vitamin D important for?
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Calcium and Phosphate absorption
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What will Vit D insufficiency cause?
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Improper calcification of matrix and RICKETS.
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What structure encloses cartilage?
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Perichondrium
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What is the outer part of the perichondrium made of?
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Fibrous connective tissue - primarily type I collagen.
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What secretes the outer perichondrium?
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Fibroblasts
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What 3 important structures are in the outer perichondrium?
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-Nerves
-Capillary plexus -Lymphatics |
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What does the INNER part of the perichondrium consist of?
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Flattened chondrogenic cells
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What do these chondrogenic cells have the potential to become?
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Chondroblasts
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What differentiates chondroBLASTS from chondroCYTES?
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When it becomes surrounded by cartilage matrix.
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What are chondroclasts?
(what are they from? what do they do?) |
Multinucleated cells derived from MONOCYTES - degrade calcified cartilage.
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Is cartilage vascular?
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no
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is perichondrium vascular?
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yes
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How do Chondrocytes recieve nourishment?
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By DIFFUSION from the vascularized perichondrium.
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What is the metabolic rate of chondrocytes like?
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High
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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-Hyaline
-Elastic -Fibrocartilage |
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Which type is most common?
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Hyaline
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What is the appearance of fresh hyaline cartilage?
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Bluish-white and Glassy
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What is TERRITORIAL MATRIX?
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Newly produced cartilage immediately surrounding chondrocytes
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Why is Territorial matrix basophilic?
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Because it has a higher content of proteoglycan which is more electronegative so attracts the basophilic dye more.
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What is the rest of the older cartilage matrix called?
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Interterritorial matrix
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What are the 2 specialized types of HYALINE cartilage associated with bone?
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-Articular
-Epiphyseal |
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How are chondrocytes within articular cartilage arranged?
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In rows
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How are collagen fibers within articular cartilage arranged?
(superficial versus deep) |
Superficial: parallel to surface
Deep: perpendicular to surface |
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Why is articular cartilage so smooth at the surface?
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Because it has no perichondrium.
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What is unique about the 4 subzones in articular cartilage?
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The top 3 are unmineralized
-Bottom zome is mineralized - adjacent to bone. |
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What is the boundary between the mineralized zone 4 and zone 3 called?
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The TIDEMARK
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Why is articular hyaline cartilage arranged in rows?
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To distribute compressive forces.
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Where else is hyaline cartilage associated with bones?
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At epiphysial plates
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What color is fresh elastic cartilage? Why?
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Yellow - because it contains ELASTIN
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What is the distribution of chondrocytes in elastic cartilage like?
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Random
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Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?
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Yes
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What color is fresh fibrocartilage? Why?
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White and opaque - because it has predominantly TYPE I COLLAGEN
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How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?
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In lines parallel to collagen fibers.
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Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?
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no
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What are the 2 mechanisms by which cartilage grows?
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-Appositional growth
-Interstitial growth |
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What is INTERSTITIAL growth?
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Growth from within
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How does interstitial growth occur?
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By the separation of chondrocytes as they divide and produce new matrix.
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What type of growth is the result of interstitial growth of epiphysial cartilage?
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Growth of long bones
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What is Appositional growth?
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Growth from the surface
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When does Appositional growth of cartilage occur? When does interstitial growth occur?
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Appositional - all throughout the lifespan of cartilage
Interstitial - generally only in young cartilage |
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What does appositional growth develop from?
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The chondrogenic cells at the inner layer of perichondrium.
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How does appositional growth occur?
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By secretion of cartilage matrix from the chondroblasts, which then become enclosed within it.
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What are most problems with cartilage related to? What type of cartilage?
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Aging - in articular cartilages
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What is "Fibrillation"?
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Changes in the collagen fibers at the surface of articular cartilage - results in rough articular surfaces.
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What is Chondromalacia?
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Softening of cartilage due to decreased proteoglycan content.
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What can happen to the chondrocytes in cartilage as people age?
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Necrosis - leaving ghost like outlines in the matrix.
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What common disease is related to cartilage degradation with aging?
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Arthritis
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2 types of arthritis:
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-Osteoarthritis
-Rheumatoid arthritis |
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What are multiple tidemarks a sign of?
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Cartilage matrix mineralization
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What is needed for repair of cartilage to occur?
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Influx of chondrogenic cells and growth factors; so need to penetrate the tidemark.
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Even if the tidemark is penetrated what is cartilage repair like?
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Often incomplete and not normal.
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What can be done to decrease the pain of individuals in arthritis?
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Inject hyaluronate
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What aging changes occur in intervertebral discs?
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Decreased water in nucleus pulposis + increased proteoglycans. Increased collagen/proteins makes the nucleus FIRM.
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