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Front 1

gibbons v. ogden

Back 1

a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution

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specie

Back 2

the currency that was used, coins or hard money.

Front 3

national road

Back 3

one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government.

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whig party (formation of)

Back 4

fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny.

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panic of 1819

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the first major financial crisis in the United States, which occurred during the end of the Era of Good Feelings. The new nation faced a depression in the late 1780s (which led directly to the establishment of the dollar and, perhaps indirectly, to the calls for a Constitutional Convention), and another severe economic downturn in the late 1790s following the Panic of 1797.

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robert fulton (clermont)

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an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat.

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john jacob aster

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the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first multi-millionaire in the United States. He was the creator of the first trust in America, from which he made his fortune in fur trading, real estate and opium

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Tallmadge Amendment

Back 8

The Tallmadge Amendment was submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the United States House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Tallmadge, an opponent of slavery, sought to impose conditions on Missouri that would extinguish slavery within a generation

Front 9

McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 9

was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.

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John Calhoun

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was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. A powerful intellect, Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.

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John Quincy Adams

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was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties

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James Monroe

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was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation.[1] His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.

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Blackhawk

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a faction of the confederated Sac and Fox Indians under Chief BlackHawk refused to abandon their lands east of the Mississippi. Federal troops and Illinois state militia pursued black hawks band and drove the Indians back to the river, where they were almost exterminated while attempting to cross to the western bank.

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Adams – Onis Treaty

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also known as the Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819

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Claims Associations

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Claim Associations were frontier institutions designed to provide a quasi-legal land system in areas where no land law existed

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“Preemption” Rights

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The right of certain stockholders to maintain ownership of a constant percentage of a firm's stock.

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National Road

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one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government

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Erie Canal

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waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo

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cotton gin

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short for cotton engine) is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job formerly performed by hand

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Henry Clay

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a 19th-century American planter, statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

Front 21

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Back 21

a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations. The case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustees, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor.

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Implied Powers

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are those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated. When George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States against the protests[1] of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the classic statement for implied powers.

Front 23

Monroe Doctrine

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a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. The doctrine was introduced by President Monroe when he was enraged at the actions being executed around him.[1] The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. Edit European Grand Alliance also called War of the League of Augsburg, (1689–97), the third major war of Louis XIV of France, in which his expansionist plans were blocked by an alliance led by England, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Austrian Habsburgs.

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Missouri Compromise

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agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30'

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Balance of Power (between North and South) – slave states and free states were admitted alternately to keep the power equal between the north and the south. Major concern for the south regarding the Missouri Compromise

“Putting Out” System- system of manufacturing under which merchant capitalists provided raw material to people in their own homes picked up the finished or partially finished products, paid the workers, and took charge of distribution.

Lowell factories – Lowell, Massachusetts, became the great showplace for American industrialization. It captured middle class imaginations in the 1820s and 1830s, but conditions took a turn for the worse in the late 1830s and 1840s

Second Bank of the US – had a 20 year deal, authorized 35 million dollars in capital, with the right to establish branches as needed

“American System”- federalist, called for a 25% tariff to stimulate industrial growth, created a home marked for all American industries, and created a self sufficient nation.

“Era of Good Feelings”- labeled Monroe's two terms of presidency. The appearance of national harmony due to the lack of a party system.