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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observations
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facts and information gathered through the five senses
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inferences
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conclusions directly derived from observations
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physical change
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change in a physical property of a substance
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chemical property
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change in a substance of substance which produces new chemical properties in the substance and cannot be reversed
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motion
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when distance from another abject is changing
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reference point
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place or object used for comparison
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SI
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International system of units
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meter
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basic SI unit of length
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centimeter
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1/100 of a meter
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Millimeter
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1/1000
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kilometer
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x's 1000
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formula for average speed
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distance divided by time
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velocity
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speed and direction of an object
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acceleration
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rate at which velocity changes. increasing, decreasing, changing direction
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formula for acceleration
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divide final velocity minus initial velocity by time
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deceleration
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decreasing speed or negative acceleration
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force
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push or a pull
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unbalanced forces
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when two forces act in the same direction, or when two forces act in opposite directions
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balanced forces
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equal and opposite, acting on an object
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inertia
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thendency of an object to resist change in it motion
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mass
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amount of matter in an object
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law of inertia
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newtons first law of motion
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newtons first law of motion
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object at rest will stay at rest
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newtons second law of motion
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net force on an object is equal to the product product of its acceleration and mass
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formula for force exerted on an object
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multiply objects mass times its accerleration
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friction
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force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub together
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sliding friction
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when surfaces slide past eachother
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rolling friction
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when object rolls over a surface
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fluid friction
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when object moves through a fluid
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gravity
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force that pulls object toward Earth
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free fall
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when the only force acting on a falling object is gravity
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9.8 m/s
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acceleration due to gravity
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projectile motion
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when object is thrown
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air resistance
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type of fluid friction, upward force
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terminal velocity
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greatest velocity a falling object reached
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weight
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the measure of the force of gravity on an object
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law of universal gravitation
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force of gravity acting between all objects in the universe
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newtons third law of motion
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action reaction, if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts a force of equal strength in the opposite direction
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momentum
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"quantity of motion"
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formula for momemtum
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multiply objects mass times its velocity
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conservation of momentum
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total momentum of objects that interact does not change (same before and after)
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centripetal
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"center seeking"
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centripetal force
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travels in a circular motion
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rotation
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earth's spinning on its axis
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revolution
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earth's movement around the sun
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pressure
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refers to a force pushing on a surface
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formula for pressure
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force divided by area
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pascals principle
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when force is applied to a confined, increase in pressure is transmitted equally in all directions
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volume
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amount of space an object takes up
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graduated cylinder
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container to measure capacity or volume
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denisty
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mass per unit volume of a substance (or how tightly pack the matter is)
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Bernoulli's principle
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as fluids increase in speed, they exert less pressure
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work
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force being exerted on an object, causing object to move a distance
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input force
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force exerted on machine
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output force
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force exerted by machine on the object
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work
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force being exerted on an object causing it to move a distance
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newtons
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what is force measured in?
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joules
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what is work measured in
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formula for work
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multiply force times distance w=fxd
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the three ways machines effect work
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changing amount of force exerted, changing amount of distance over which one exerts force, changing direction of the force
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mechanical advantage
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the number of time a force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine
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mechanical advantage formula
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divide the output force by the input force
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actual MA
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the mechanical advantage provided by the machine in a real situation with friction
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inclined plane
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flat slanted surface; allows one to exert input force over a longer distance
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screw
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inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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wedge
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two inclined planes back to back
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lever
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a bar free to pivot around a fixed point called the fulcrum
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first class lever
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when fulcrum is in the middle (seesaw)
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second class lever
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output force in the middle (wheelbarrow)
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third class lever
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input force in middle
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work
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force being exerted on an object causing it to move a distance
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newtons
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what is force measured in?
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joules
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what is work measured in
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formula for work
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multiply force times distance w=fxd
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the three ways machines effect work
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changing amount of force exerted, changing amount of distance over which one exerts force, changing direction of the force
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mechanical advantage
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the number of time a force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine
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mechanical advantage formula
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divide the output force by the input force
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actual MA
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the mechanical advantage provided by the machine in a real situation with friction
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inclined plane
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flat slanted surface; allows one to exert input force over a longer distance
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screw
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inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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wedge
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two inclined planes back to back
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lever
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a bar free to pivot around a fixed point called the fulcrum
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first class lever
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when fulcrum is in the middle (seesaw)
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second class lever
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output force in the middle (wheelbarrow)
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third class lever
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input force in middle
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work
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force being exerted on an object causing it to move a distance
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newtons
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what is force measured in?
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joules
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what is work measured in
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formula for work
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multiply force times distance w=fxd
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the three ways machines effect work
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changing amount of force exerted, changing amount of distance over which one exerts force, changing direction of the force
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mechanical advantage
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the number of time a force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine
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mechanical advantage formula
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divide the output force by the input force
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actual MA
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the mechanical advantage provided by the machine in a real situation with friction
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inclined plane
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flat slanted surface; allows one to exert input force over a longer distance
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screw
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inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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wedge
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two inclined planes back to back
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lever
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a bar free to pivot around a fixed point called the fulcrum
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first class lever
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when fulcrum is in the middle (seesaw)
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second class lever
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output force in the middle (wheelbarrow)
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third class lever
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input force in middle
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wheel and axle
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circular rotating about a common axis
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pulley
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grooved wheel with a rope around it
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gears
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wheels linked by interlocking teeth
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energy
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ability to do work or cause change
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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potential energy
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stored energy
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gravitational energy of an object
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multiply its weight times its height
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mechanical thermal chemical electrical sound nuclear wind geothermal
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forms of energy
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nonrenewable sources of energy
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natural materials which cannot be made as hast as they are used up
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combustion
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burning of fuels
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photosynthesis
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process by which green plants make food in form of carbohydrates
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producers
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green plants that make up the base of the food pyramid
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consumers
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living things that eat other living things
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herbivores
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animals that eat only plants and are primary consumers in the pyramid
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carnivores
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animals that eat only other animals and are secondary on the pyramid
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decomposers
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feed on dead materials breaking them down to return the materials to the ecosystem (OUTSIDE FOOD PYRAMID)
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food chain
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shows the feeding order of living things in which each organism uses the next as a food source
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predator
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animal which gains nutrition by eating another animal
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prey
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animal eaten by predator
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food web
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shows combination of related food chains in an ecosystem
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thermal energy
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total energy of all the particles in a substance
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heat
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movement of thermal energy from warmer to cooler objects
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conduction
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one particle colliding into another without movement of the matter itself
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convection
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the movement of currents within fluids
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radiation
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transfers heat by electromagnetic waves
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amplitude
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height of a wave
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frequency
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number of waves per unit of time
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spectrum
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light separated by wavelengths
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angle of incidence
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angle of a light ray forms with a surface it strikes
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angle of reflection
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angle a light ray forms with a surface from which it reflects
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mercalli scale
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measures level of damage to property
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richter scale
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measures magnitude of seismic waves
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moment magnitude scale
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measures total energy released by earthquakes
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volcano
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mountain formed by lava and ash or weak spot where magma surfaces
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magma
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molten rock
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magma chamber
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pool beneath surface area containing magma
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pipe
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long tube through which magma moves from chamber to surface
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vent
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opening for magma
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crater
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top of vent
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lava
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magma which has flowed out of crater
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pacific ring of fire
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the area around the pacific tectonic plate
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viscosity
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resistance of liquid to flow
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pyroclastic flow
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occurs when eruption hurls out hot mix of gases, ash, cinders, bombs,
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hot springs
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form when water underground is heated by magma
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geysers
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rising hot water and steam trapped underground which erupts above surface due to pressure
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