8. Neoplasia

Front 1

Carcinomas:

Back 1

derive from squamous, glandular (adenocarcinoma), transitional epithelium

Front 2

Sarcoma:

Back 2

derives from connective tissue

Front 3

Retinoblastoma:

Back 3

malignancy of eye, point mutation inactivates RB suppressor gene on chromosome 13; predisposition for osteogenic sarcoma in adolescence

Front 4

Familial adenomatous polyposis:

Back 4

inactivation of APC suppressor gene

Front 5

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome:

Back 5

increased risk for sarcomas, leukemia, carcinomas before age 50; inactivation of TP53 suppressor gene

Front 6

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (lynch syndrome):

Back 6

increased risk for colorectal cancers without previous polyps; inactivation of DNA mismatch repair genes

Front 7

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes:

Back 7

inactivation of genes increases risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer

Front 8

Xeroderma pigmentosum:

Back 8

increased risk for skin cancers due to ultraviolet light

Front 9

Chromosome instability syndromes:

Back 9

chromosomes susceptible to damage by ionizing radiation and drugs; predisposition to cancers; disorders include Fanconi anemia, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome

Front 10

ABL:

Back 10

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (chromosome 22)

Front 11

HER (ERBB2):

Back 11

Breast carcinoma

Front 12

MYC:

Back 12

Burkitt's lymphoma (assoc w/ CBV)

Front 13

N-MYC:

Back 13

Neuroblastoma

Front 14

RAS:

Back 14

Leukemia; lung, colon, pancreatic carcinomas

Front 15

RET:

Back 15

Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIa/IIb syndromes

Front 16

SIS:

Back 16

Osteogenic sarcoma, astrocytoma

Front 17

APC:

Back 17

Familial polyposis

Front 18

BRCA1/BRCA2:

Back 18

Breast, avary, prostate carcinomas

Front 19

RB:

Back 19

retinoblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, breast carcinoma

Front 20

TGF-B:

Back 20

Pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas

Front 21

TP53:

Back 21

Lung, colon, breast carcinomas. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: breast carcinoma, brain tumors, leukemia, sarcomas

Front 22

VHL:

Back 22

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell cercinoma (bilateral), pheochromocytoma (bilateral)

Front 23

WT 1:

Back 23

Wilms' tumor

Front 24

Aflatoxin (from aspergillus):

Back 24

Hepatocellular carcinoma in association with hepatitis B virus

Front 25

Alcohol:

Back 25

Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper/middle esophagus; pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinomas

Front 26

Alkylating agents:

Back 26

Malignant lymphoma

Front 27

Arsenic:

Back 27

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, liver angiosarcoma

Front 28

Asbestos:

Back 28

Bronchogenic carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma

Front 29

Benzene:

Back 29

Acute leukemia

Front 30

Cyclophosphamide:

Back 30

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Mesna pier

Front 31

Diethylstilbestrol:

Back 31

Clear cell carcinoma of vagina

Front 32

B-Naphthylamine (aniline dyes):

Back 32

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

Front 33

Nickel:

Back 33

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Front 34

Nitrosamines:

Back 34

Stomach carcinoma

Front 35

Oral contraceptives:

Back 35

Breast, cervical carcinomas

Front 36

Polycyclic hydrocarbons:

Back 36

Squamous cell carcinoma: oral cavity, midesophagus, larynx, lung. Adenocarcinoma: distal esophagus, pancreas. Transitional cell carcinoma: urinary bladder, renal pelvis

Front 37

Polyvinyl chloride:

Back 37

Liver angiosarcoma

Front 38

Silica:

Back 38

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Front 39

HCV:

Back 39

Produces postnecrotic cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 40

HTLV-1:

Back 40

Activates TAX gene, stimulates polyclonal T-cell proliferation, inhibits TP53 suppressor gene. T-cell leukemia and lymphoma

Front 41

EBV:

Back 41

promotes polyclonal B-cell proliferation, which increases risk for t(8;14) translocation. Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS (HIV) lymphoma in AIDS, mixed cellularity; Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal (chinese) carcinoma

Front 42

HBV and HCV:

Back 42

Activates proto-oncogenes, inactivates TP53 suppressor gene. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 43

HHV-8:

Back 43

Acts via cytokines released from HIV and HSV. Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS

Front 44

HPV types 16 and 18:

Back 44

16: E6 gene product inhibits TP53 suppressor gene. 18: E7 gene product inhibits RB suppressor gene. Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus (associated with anal intercourse)

Front 45

Acanthosis nigricans:

Back 45

Stomach carcinoma. Black, verrucoid-appearing lesion

Front 46

Eaton-Lambert syndrome:

Back 46

Small cell carcinoma of lung. Myasthenia gravis-like symptoms (e.g. muscle weakness)

Front 47

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy:

Back 47

Bronchogenic carcinoma. Periosteal reaction of distal phalanx (often associated with clubbing of nail)

Front 48

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis:

Back 48

Mucus-secreting pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas. Sterile vegetations on mitral valve

Front 49

Seborrheic keratosis:

Back 49

Stomach carcinoma. Sudden appearance of numerous pigmented seborrheic keratoses (leser-trelat sign)

Front 50

Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis:

Back 50

Pancreatic carcinoma. Release of procoagulants (Trousseau's sign)

Front 51

AFP (albumin of fetus):

Back 51

Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumore (endodermal sinus tumor) of ovary or testis

Front 52

Bence Jones Protein:

Back 52

Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (represent light chains in urine). monoclonal spuke.

Front 53

CA 15-3:

Back 53

Breast carcinoma

Front 54

CA 19-9:

Back 54

Pancreatic carcinoma

Front 55

CA 125:

Back 55

Surface-derived ovarian cancer (e.g. serous cystadenocarcinoma)

Front 56

CEA:

Back 56

Colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas- small cell, breast

Front 57

PSA:

Back 57

Prostate carcinoma (also increased in prostate hyperplasia)