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#8 Human Sexual Responses

#8 Human Sexual Responses

by AYZSMD9, Apr. 2009

Subjects: human repro

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177 Cards in this Set

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	Gender Identity	The psychological and social awareness of, or belief about, one's maleness or femaleness Displayed publicly through speech, behavior, dress, relationships
	Sex role / Gender role	Outward expression of one's gender identity, which is influenced by our culture, religious beliefs, family, social life, and economic status
	Gender Identity / Sex Roles	Continuous interaction of biological and social influences from conception Influenced by psychological and social input
	Androgyny	one having both masculine and feminine characteristics with a mixed sexual/gender identity
	Transgender	A person with gender identity opposite form her or his biological sex
	Transvestite	A person who dresses like persons opposite from her or his biological sex
	Transsexual	A person who has undergone surgical and/or hormonal treatments to change her or his reproductive system
	Intersex	persons who gonads contain both ovarian and testicular tissue: these people may be XX, XY, or XX/XY
	Homosexual	sexual attraction and activity with members of the same biological sex
	Bisexual	sexual attraction and activity with members of both biological sexes
	Erotic Stimuli	factors in the environment that are sexually arousing to an individual has cultural and individual variations
	Pheromones	when a member of a species releases a chemical that changes the physiology or behavior of another member of the same species
	Heterosexual and lesbian women respond to watching	heterosexual sex lesbian sex gay sex
	While watching lesbian sex, heterosexual women...	reported less excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal
	- While watching gay sex, heterosexual women...	reported even less excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal
	While watching heterosexual sex, heterosexual women...	reported much more excitement on their keypad than was indicated by their vaginal arousal
	sweat glands	respond to emotion and sexual arousal (Men's smell differently) women can detect difference between sexually arouse men
	In the women who smelled sexually aroused men experiment..	the right orbitofrontal cortex and right fusiform region responded significantly more to the sexual sweat of men than to the other smells Brain recognizes sexual sweat, treating it differently from other odors
	Proceptive (Courting) Behavior: Kissing	Drop in cortisol in both men and women which indicates a reduction in stress Increase in oxytocin in men which can facilitate bonding Men think kissing is a preclude to copulation tend to prefer “sloppy” kisses, in which chemicals including testosterone can be passed to the women in saliva which may enhance the females’ sex drive 90% of cultures practice kissing
	Sex Drive	initiates assessment of a variety of potential partners
	Romantic love	causes them to focus in individual partner
	Attachment	enables them to form a long term bond which results in commitment to conceive and raise a child together
	copulins	pheromones exuded by ovulating Rhesus monkeys Increase sex drive of male Rhesus monkeys found in human female vaginal secretion as well When women apply these vaginal secretion to their skin, they are more sexually attractive to men
	When does a female body odor smell the most pleasant to males?	Follicular phase vs. luteal phase
	Male musk	certain musk only smelled by adult human females near the time of ovulation
	Vomeronasal organs (VNO) + location	used to sense pheromones special sensory organ in the floor of the right and left internal nasal cavity separate from the olfactory cells on the roof of the nasal cavity that is used to smell non sexual odors human adult VNO cells have nerve sensory cells that tracts leading to the hypothalamus and other areas of our brain involved with sex
	Increased response of the Vomeronasal organs (VNO)	when exposed to human skin extracts or axillary sweat skin extract containing androstenes cause females VNO to respond more skin extracts containing estrenes cause the heterosexual male VNO to respond more
	MHC detection	Women are attracted to scents of men who are most unlike themselves in MHC (sweaty t-shirts test) Human pairs with similar MHCs tend to be less fertile with higher miscarriages The more dissimilar the MHCs of a human pair, the better their offspring immune system will be
	Erogenous Zones: Males	glans ventral surface corona
	Erogenous Zones: Females	clitoris, mons, labia minoria, lower 1/3 of vagina
	Erogenous Zones: Both sexes	Nipple, lips, tongue, ear lobes, neck, anus, buttocks, inner thigh, back of knees, soles of feet center of back
	Proceptive Behavior	Courtship, flirting, seduction, foreplay Variable from culture to culture Can include: kissing on lip mild pain from gentle nibbling, pinching, scratching
	Foreplay	Partners give erotic stimuli including "petting" Caring, knowledgeable and sensitive partners can assist a female in having an orgasm More minutes of foreplay, more likely to have orgasm 12-20 minute foreplay leading to 50% orgasm
	Alfred Kinsey	pioneer in the scientific study of human sexuality
	William Masters and Virginia Johnson	pioneers in the understanding of the physiology of the human sexual physiology
	The sexual response cycle and initiation	(EPOR) Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution Initiated by presence of erotic stimuli occurrence of vaginal lubrication from fluid leaking out of blood vessels in vaginal wall
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Vaginal Cavity:	Inner 2/3 of vagina increase in length and width to increase vaginal cavity
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Body of uterus:	Body of uterus ascends, pulling cervix away from the vagina and thus increasing vaginal length
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Contractions?:	Mild, non-painful uterine contractions or fibrillations may occur
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Size of uterus:	Size of uterus increases due to vasocongestion
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Vaginal Wall:	Vaginal Wall becomes engorged with blood and darker in color
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Shaft of Clitoris:	Shaft of Clitoris increases in diameter and there may be swelling due to vasocongestion
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Labia minora:	labia minora becomes engorged with blood and is increased in size
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Labia majora:	labia majora flattens out and retracts from the midline, exposing the vestibule
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Nipples	Nipples become erect
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Skin	Sex flush
	Female sexual response cycle: Excitement Muscle	Increase in muscle tension
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Vaginal Wall	Outer 1/3 of vagina become engorged with blood and becomes redder and darker
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Labia Minora	becomes engorged with blood and become redder and darker
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Contractions?	Uterine fibrillation may increase in frequency
	Orgasmic platform	the engorging of blood in the outer 1/3 of vagina + labia minora
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Uterus	Uterus may elevate further
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Nipples	become even more erect, breasts reach maximal size
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Skin	Sex flush increases
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau HR, BP, depth and rate of respiratory rate	increase HR, BP, depth and rate of respiratory rate
	Female sexual response cycle: Plateau Muscle	Increased muscle tension
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Length Muscle	If stimulated by coitus, the orgasm usually occurs 10-20 minutes after intromission (penetration) However, Labia minor, Labia majora. clitoris, breasts, remain at plateau phase
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Vaginal Wall	Strong muscular contractions in the outer 1/3 of the vaginal wall
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Contractions?	1st contraction lasts 2-4 seconds and is followed by rhythmic contractions at intervals of 0.8 seconds (muscle, as well as female rectal sphincter) with 3-15 contractions, with later ones diminishing in strength
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Vagina	Inner 2/3 of vagina expands which facilitate movement of penis Vagina adapts to the size of the penis Not direct relationship between the size of the penis and the sexual satisfaction
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Uterus	Rhythmic contraction of the uterus occur, probably bought on by release of oxytocin
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Skin	Sex flush peaks in intensity
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic HR, BP, depth and rate of respiration	HR, BP, depth and rate of respiration rate all peak at rates similar those of a male orgasm
	Female sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Muscle	Strong involuntary muscle contractions with clutching and clawing hands and feet
	1st Stage of female orgasm	Sensation of "suspension," lasting only an instant and followed by intense sensual awareness of clitoris and pelveis
	2nd Stage of female orgasm	Sensation of warmth starting in the pelvis and spreading to other parts of the body
	3rd Stage of female orgasm	Pelvic throbbing focusing on vagina and lower pelvis
	Clitoral Orgasm	Stimulation of clitoris
	Vaginal Orgasm	Direct stimulation of the vaginal wall especially in the Grafenberg spot Intense contraction of the uterus or uterine orgasm pubococcygeus muscle in the pelvic floor forms support for the pelvic organs
	Female Orgasmic	1 in 3 women seldom or never reach an orgasm during coitus 1 in 5 women report rarely or never reach an orgasm during masturbation Some women can have multiple orgasms
	Status orgasmus	sustained orgasm lasting up to one minute
	Female ejaculation	10% of women expel a small amount of fluid from the lesser vestibular (Skene's) glands (male version is prostate) near urethral opening into the vestibule during orgasm
	Orgasm pleasure	Positron emission scans of brains of women and men show nearly identical activity in brain areas associated with pleasure
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution	Immediately after orgasm, the outer cervical os dilates to facilitate sperm transfer through the cervix into the uterus Desire to sleep
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution HR, BP, respiratory rate	After erotic stimulation and orgasm, the woman's system returns to normal (HR, BP, respiratory rate back to normal levels)
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution Contractions?	Less than 10 seconds after the end of the orgasm, vaginal contractions cease
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution Clitoris	clitoris leaves its retracted position
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution Labia Minora	returns to its normal color in 2 minutes
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution breasts, clitoris, vagina, labia minora	in 5-10 minutes decrease in size
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution Uterus	returns to normal size and position
	Female sexual response cycle: Resolution Labia majora	returns to resting condition, covering vestibul
	Female sexual response cycle variation Pattern A	a woman goes through complete cycle including muliple orgasms
	Female sexual response cycle variation Pattern B	Woman reaches a plateau and then goes into resolution without reaching orgasm
	Female sexual response cycle variation Pattern C	Stimuli produces an early intense orgasm
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Nerves:	Erotic stimuli initiate nerve impulses that activate erection center in the lower end of the spinal cord Parasympathetic nerves in the erection center dominate and cause vasocongestion of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum which leads to penile erection Also releases VIP vasoactive peptide which contribute to penile erection
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Penis	1st thing that happens is the erection which causes the penis to stiffen, becomes tumescent (swollen) and increase the length and diameter Erection is due to vasocongestion, flow of blood through arteries is greater than the drainage of blood from veins
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Urethra	Urethal opening sidens
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Scrotum	Scrotal skin thickens
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Testes	Testes become elevated because of contraction of cremaster muscle in scrotum
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement Nipples	Nipples become erect in 60% of men
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement skin	Sex flush in 50-60% of men
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement HR, BP, respiratory rate and depth	Increased
	Male sexual response cycle: Excitement muscles	increase in tension of voluntary and involuntary muscles
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Penis	Erection continues
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Glans & Corona	Increased size Glans color deepens
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Urethral bulb	enlarges to 3 times its natural size
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Emissions	Pre-orgasmic emissions of a few drops of semen containing sperm can be released from Cowper's glands
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Testes	volume increased by 50% becomes elevated and lie closer to groin
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Prostate	enlarges
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau skin	sex flush expands
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau HR, BP, RR	further increase
	Male sexual response cycle: Plateau Muscles	Increased tension of voluntary and involuntary muscles
	Male sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Muscles	Loss of voluntary control of muscles / clutching
	Male sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Testes	Maximal elevation
	Male sexual response cycle: Orgasmic Skin	Sex flush peaks
	Ejaculation HR, BP, RR	HR: 180 beats/ min BP: 200/110 RR: 40 / sec
	Ejaculatory reflex	sufficient erotic stimulation causes activation of ejaculatory center which is within the spinal nuclease of the bulbocavernosus muscle at the base of the penis
	Emission phase of ejaculation	Contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of testes, epididymism vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands, and urethra Smooth muscle contractions eject semen into the urethral bulb (enlarged end of spongy urethra) A muscular sphincter contracts which blocks the opening of urethra into urethra bladder. -keeps semen away from bladder -keeps urine away from urethra
	Emission stage of ejaculation	Male feels sensation of imminent ejaculation Smooth muscle contractions may be influenced bu the hormone oxytocin and by prostaglandins in the seminal fluid
	Expulsion stage of ejaculation	Rhythmic contractions of the penis and bulbocavernosus muscle which lies at the base of the penis 0.8 seconds apart (same as vaginal contactions) first 3 or 4 are most intense, most semen
	Male sexual response cycle: Refractory Period	Refractory Period is only found in males Lasts a few minutes in a young man or an hour for an older man During this period, potentially erotic stimuli are not effective in causing or maintaining an erection
	Male sexual response cycle: Resolution	Returns to resting state Sympathetic nervous system retakes control, makes penis flaccid Can last 2 hours, want to sleep or rest
	Fellatio	male's genitals stimulated by mouth of partner
	Cunnilingus	female's genitals stimulated by mouth of partner
	Sodomy	Anal or oral coitus with animals
	Femoral coitus	penis is inserted between thighs
	Sexual Behavior in US 15-44 vaginal intercourse vs. oral intercourse	Latino/Hispanic and Black/AA slightly more vaginal intercourse White more oral intercourse Anal about the same
	Central Nervous System effects of hormones	act directly in brain to increase libido
	Limbic System	region of the brain that influences sexual behavior. Includes the thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex
	Peripheral effects of hormones	can affect the sensitivity or growth of peripheral tissues involved with sexual activity (skin or muscle)
	Androgen effects on Nervous System	Androgen has central effect of increasing sex drive has peripheral effect of increasing tactile stimulation
	What increases male sex drive in mammals?	testosterone is converted to estradiol by cells in part of the limbic system thus, it is actually estrogen that directly increases male sex drive
	How do you give orchidectomized men their sex drive?	Administer androgen, will increase sex drive, increase ability to have erection is enhanced
	Testosterone Levels	Higher in mornings Higher in fall The higher the testosterone levels in blood, the less time it takes to achieve maximal erection Anticipation of sex can raise levels (erotic arousal in men stimulate LH secretion, thus increasing testosterone levels)
	Age and testosterone levels	tendency for blood levels of testosterone to gradually decrease with age Sexually active 70 year old men have higher testosterone levels then sexually non-active men of same age
	Dominance and testosterone levels	In Rhesus monkeys, Dominant males have higher testosterone levels, decrease when they become subordinate
	Females and Androgen	ovaries that secrete testosterone, with peak levels of both of these around ovulation androgen can also from adrenal glands
	Adrenal Androgen secretion	greatest from puberty through the late twenties and declines between ages 30 - 50, and then remains at lower levels in later years
	Progesterone and Female Sexual Behavior	Progesterone at high enough levels lower female libido
	Oxytocin and vasopressin	released from the neurohypophysis during the sexual response in both females and males
	Social Monogamy	the practice of living with only one partner during a period of time members of this socially monogamous partnership may have sex with other individuals and may even conceive a child with these other partners
	Polygamy	the custom of having more than one spouse at the same time
	Polygyny	one male paired with more than one female; the custom of being married to more than one wife at a time
	Polyandry	one female paired with more than one male; the custom of being married to more than one husband at a time
	Promiscuity	having multiple partners and frequently switching partners
	Bird mating systems	92% of birds are socially monogamous, however, they are not necessarily sexually monogamous
	Animal mating systems	3% of mammalian species are mongamous, with majority being polygynous 15% of primates are monogamous
	Human mating systems	in 99.5% of them, most women had only one man as a partner at any one time 84% of these cultures permit polygyny, however, only 10% of the 717 cultures actually practice significant polygyny
	Human mating systems in USA	83% of men and women said that they are monogamous 85% of the women said they were faithful to their mates 75% of married men said that they were faithful to their mates Hence, couples in socially monogamous relationships may, or may NOT, be sexually monogamous
	Kinsey findings on sexual orientation in USA	• Kinsey’s research in the 1940s and 1950s on sexual orientation, demonstrated that there is a continuum from heterosexual to homosexual • While some persons are exclusively heterosexual or exclusively homosexual, others have a blend of heterosexual or homosexual interests
	Recent survey findings on sexual orientation in USA	More percentage of males has had gay sex than the percentage of females that have had lesbian sex
	Twin studies on sexual preference	If Identical twin is gay, there is a 50% chance that his brother will be gay Less likely in the case of fraternal twins A little more likely for lesbianism in both cases for women
	Finger length & sexual preference	People sexually attracted to men: are more likely to have their 2nd and 4th fingers the same length People sexually attracted to women: are more likely to have their 2nd finger shorter than their 4th finger
	Handedness & sexual preference	Homosexuals are 39% more likely to be left handed than heterosexuals, especially in women
	Birth order in males & sexual preference	Male homosexuals tend to have more older brothers than heterosexual men
	Sexual preference of parents & sexual preference of offspring	Children raised by male or female homosexual couples, are no more likely to be homosexual as adults than children raised by heterosexual parents
	Sex change operations	Sex change operations for XX transsexuals, are more difficult and less common than sex change operations for XY transsexuals
	Sexual dysfunction	Individual consistently fails to achieve sexual gratification Majority have psychological causes Only 10-20% of sexual dysfunction has a physical or physiological cause
	Vaginismus	Painful, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of the outer one third of the vaginal wall or its surrounding muscles May cause severe pain during coitus and even prevent intromission May be caused by fear of coitus or pregnancy, frustration with your sexual partner, or from vaginal scar tissue Psychological causes can be treated with therapy and biofeedback Vaginal scar tissue can be surgically repaired
	Dyspareunia (females)	difficult or painful coitus in females Caused by Sexual fears or inhibitions • Vaginismus • Irritation or injury of clitoris • Failure of vagina to lubricate • Displaced or prolapsed uterus • Reproductive tract infection • Bartholin (greater vestibular) gland inflammation
	Dyspareunia (males)	difficult or painful coitus in males Caused by Glans hypersensitivity from spermicide • Urethritis • Phimosis: constriction of the penile prepuce that prevents retraction of foreskin over glans • Accumulation of smegma under foreskin of uncircumcised penis • Chordee: bowed or bent penis • Peyronie’s disease: previous infection on the shaft of the penis that results in scar tissue on the penis shaft
	Ejaculatory incompetence	man is unable to ejaculate Some are not able to ejaculate into a vagina, but easily ejaculate through oral or hand stimulation
	Erectile dysfunction	Failure to gain or maintain an erection
	Primary erectile dysfunction	man has never had an erection
	Secondary erectile dysfunction	man has had erections before, but now fails to have an erection more than 25% of the time
	Psychological cause of ED	indicated when morning erections occur Erection requires dominance by parasympathetic system Psychological conditions such as anxiety or fear activate the sympathetic system which inhibits erection In extreme anxiety or fear, the very strong activation of the sympathetic system can result in ejaculation without an erection
	Biological Erectile Dysfunction	Prolactin levels are low in men with erectile dysfunction While men with erectile dysfunction typically have normal testosterone, administration of exogenous androgens can increase their sex drive and their erection capacity
	type 2 diabetes mellitus	A common organic cause for erectile dysfunction results in vascular damage to small blood vessels in and around the penis
	Penile implants	silicone tubes implanted into the penis, and the erection is achieved by manipulating a pump on the scrotum
	Drug treatment of erectile dysfunction	Viagra (sildenafil) lasts for 4 hours • Levitra (vardenafil), Cialis (tadalafil) lasts 36 hours • Slow the breakdown of cyclic GMP and the resultant increase in cyclic GMP dilates the penile arteries and leads to erection • Should not be taken with nitroglycerin, because a dangerously low blood pressure may develop • Man must be interested in sex psychologically for these drugs to induce an erection • When men on one of these drugs has an erection, orgasm, and ejaculation, the normal refractory period ensues before the next erection
	Yohimbine	Bark extract taken orally as aphrodisiac and to treat erectile dysfunction
	Papaverine	vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant penis injections of papaverine produce prolonged penile erections to treat impotence
	Orgasmic dysfunction	failure to reach orgasm One in three women are unable to reach orgasm through vaginal intercourse Psychological factors are the main reason for orgasmic dysfunction in women
	Primary orgasmic dysfunction	woman has never had an orgasm and is present in 10% of USA women
	Secondary orgasmic dysfunction	fails to have orgasm in some situations and is present in 20% of USA women Physical causes of orgasmic dysfunction include type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatigue, and low levels of estrogen
	Treatment of orgasmic dysfunction and low sex drive in women	Estrogen pills or topical creams or gels DHEA androgen Devise that creates gentle suction over the clitoris, increasing bloodflow and sensation
	Alcohol and Breast Cancer Risk	increased risk of breast cancer in women who drink wine, beer, or liquor with a progressive increase in risk starting at 1-2 drinks a day up to greater than 3 drinks a day Women consuming less than one drink a day did not have an with an increased risk for breast cancer
	Cunnilingus Slang	Derived from Kunta
	Female orgasms	Clitoral orgasm is considered to be the most common trigger for female orgasm - Breast stimulation or other non-genital stimulation can also induce orgasm in some women -Clitoral, vaginal, and breast-induced orgasms all produce the same physiological type of orgasm -All these different types of stimuli result in contraction of the orgasmic platform and the muscles around the vagina
	Female Ejaculation	40% of women expel a small amount of fluid from the lesser vestibular (Skene’s) glands near the urethral opening during orgasm -The size of the female prostate and the amount of its secretions varies significantly from woman to woman. - When some women have an orgasm, they experience no secretion, while others have an actual ejaculation - Biochemical analyses indicate that the female lesser vestibular glands produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA) just as the male prostate does
	Grafenburg Spot (G-Spot):	erotically sensitive area in the upper front wall of the vagina midway between the introitus and the cervix The sensitive area referred to as the G-spot is estimated to vary in size to that of a small bean to the size of an half dollar The urethrovaginal space and distal, middle, and proximal urethrovaginal segments were thinner in women without vaginal orgasm No increased nerve density in the anterior wall of the vagina widely believed to be the G-spot location A study reports that the clitoris actually extends into the body further than previously thought and may be why some women experience what they refer as “vaginal” orgasms
	Female Orgasmic Disorder	the persistent and recurrent absence or delay in orgasm for women following normal sexual excitement however, they are biologically able
	anorgasmia	- Lifelong orgasmic difficulty: a woman who has never experienced an orgasm
	Acquired orgasmic difficulty	a woman who has had orgasms at some time in her life but is not able to have orgasms at this time
	Situational orgasmic difficulty	a women has orgasms in some situations but not others e.g., a woman may not have orgasms during vaginal intercourse, but is able to have orgasms while self masturbating or while receiving hand or oral stimulation from her partner.
	Inis Beag	is a small island off the coast of Ireland which has a culture that is considered to be very sexually repressed:
	Mangaia	an island in the South Pacific where pre-marital sex is common and encouraged, and sex is viewed as both for pleasure & procreation: - Cultural male experts teach teen-age boys how to perform oral sex, kiss breasts, and induce orgasms in female partners - Female teens are encouraged by their parents to have pre-marital sex - On this island, essentially all women report having orgasms.

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