#8 9.2 Regulation Of Fuel Metabolism

Front 1

Excess circulating quantities of fatty acids, glucose and amino acids can ultimately be stored in adipose tissue as triglyceride fat

Back 1

d

Front 2

Gluconeogenisis
•refers to the synthesis fo glucose from smaller molecules
• results in an increase in blood glucose
• is stimulated by glucagon

Back 2

d

Front 3

Glycogenolysis refers to:
• the conversion of glycogen to glucose
• is stimulated by glucagon

Back 3

s

Front 4

Characterization of the post-absorptive state:
•Gluconeogenesis occurs

Back 4

s

Front 5

Not a characterization of post-absorptive state:
there is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state

Back 5

s

Front 6

Characterization of the post-absorptive state:
•the use of fatty acids by most body cells spares blood glucose for the central nervous system

Back 6

d

Front 7

Characterization of the post-absorptive state:
•glucagon secretion is increased

Back 7

d

Front 8

Characterization of the post-absorptive state:
•insulin is reduced

Back 8

d

Front 9

Insulin facilitates the transport of glucose into body cells AND promotes fat storage in the body

Back 9

d

Front 10

Insulin promotes the insertion of additional glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of body cells

Back 10

s

Front 11

Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis

Back 11

s

Front 12

Increased glucose uptake by the cells is a metabolic effect of insulin

Back 12

s

Front 13

The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates insulin secretion

Back 13

s

Front 14

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) stimulates insulin secretion

Back 14

s

Front 15

Starvation does NOT stimulate insulin secretion

Back 15

s

Front 16

Glucagon AND Epinephrine oppose the effect of insulin

Back 16

s

Front 17

Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans

Back 17

a

Front 18

Glucagon is secreted in response to a fall in blood glucose

Back 18

a

Front 19

Glucose is, in general, antagonistic to insulin in terms of metabolic effects

Back 19

a

Front 20

Increased gluconeogenisis is an effect of glucagon

Back 20

a

Front 21

Triglycerides are fats

Back 21

d

Front 22

During the absorptive state excess amino acids are converted to fat by the liver

Back 22

d

Front 23

After eating a meal, there is a steady supply of nutrients coming into the body from the gastrointestinal tract.

Back 23

d

Front 24

This period of time is called the absorptive state and it is controlled by the hormone insulin

Back 24

d

Front 25

When there are no nutrients entering the body from the GI, the body enters a fasting state in which energy must be derved from the breakdown of stored nutrients such as glycogen & fat.

Back 25

d

Front 26

This period of time is called the post-absorptive state, and is controlled by the hormone glucagon

Back 26

d

Front 27

Glucose molecules can be stored in the body by linking them together in a polymer called glycogen

Back 27

d

Front 28

The liver converts all excess nutrients to triglycerides and stores them in adipose tissue

Back 28

dd

Front 29

Insulin is secreted from the BETA cells of the Islets of Langerham, which are located in the pancreas

Back 29

d

Front 30

A rise in blood glucose levels will cause insulin secretion to INCREASE

Back 30

d

Front 31

In response to food in the duodenum, the small intestine secretes GIP ( glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) which acts to increase insulin secretion.

Back 31

s

Front 32

This is part of a feed forward mechanism that increases insulin prior to a rise in blood glucose levels.

Back 32

s

Front 33

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called glycogenolysis

Back 33

s

Front 34

The synthesis of "new" glucose from smaller molecules is called gluconeogenisis

Back 34

s

Front 35

The breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids is called lypolysis

Back 35

d

Front 36

Glucagon is secreted from the ALPHA cells of the pancreatic islets

Back 36

d

Front 37

A rise in blood glucose levels will cause glucagon secretion to DECREASE

Back 37

d

Front 38

Epinephrine INCREASES lypolysis

Back 38

d

Front 39

GLYCOGENOLYSIS occurs during the POST-ABSORPTIVE state

Back 39

d

Front 40

INSULIN SECRETION occurs during the ABSORPTIVE state

Back 40

s

Front 41

Storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue occurs during the ABSORPTIVE state

Back 41

d

Front 42

GLUCONEOGENESIS occurs during the POST-ABSORPTIVE state

Back 42

d

Front 43

GLUCAGON SECRETION occurs during the post-absorptive state

Back 43

d

Front 44

A HIGH RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs during the ABSORPTIVE STATE

Back 44

d

Front 45

Uptake of blood glucose by the brain occurs during the absorptive AND post-absorptive state

Back 45

d

Front 46

Storage of glycogen in the liver occurs during the Absorptive state

Back 46

d

Front 47

Maintenance of relatively constant blood glucose levels occurs during the absorptive AND post-absorptive states

Back 47

d

Front 48

A fasting state occurs during the post-absorptive state

Back 48

d

Front 49

Insertion of glucose carriers into the cell membranes occurs during the absorptive state

Back 49

d

Front 50

#8a Contrast the absorptive state with the post-absorptive state; the hormones present & the effect of these hormones on gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, lypolysis, fat storage and protein synthesis & the dominant energy source for most body cells

Back 50

d

Front 51

Absorptive State:
-nutrients are entering the blood from the GI tract

Back 51

d

Front 52

Absorptive State:
-there is a net build-up (anabolism) of macromolecules such as proteins, glycogen & triglycerides

Back 52

d

Front 53

Absorptive State:
-glucose is the main energy source for most body cells

Back 53

d

Front 54

Absorptive State:
-insulin present

Back 54

d

Front 55

Absorptive State:
-insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis

Back 55

d

Front 56

Absorptive State:
-insulin inhibits glycogenolysis

Back 56

d

Front 57

Absorptive State:
--insulin inhibits lypolysis

Back 57

d

Front 58

Absorptive State:
-insulin stimulates formation of glycogen (glycogenesis

Back 58

d

Front 59

Post-Absorptive State
-no nutrients are entering from the GI tract

Back 59

d

Front 60

Post-Absorptive State:
-nutrients must come from energy stores

Back 60

d

Front 61

Post-Absorptive State:
-there is a net breakdown (catabolism) of macromolecules such as protein, glycogen & TGs

Back 61

s

Front 62

Post-Absorptive State:
-fat is the main energy source for most body cells

Back 62

s

Front 63

Post-Absorptive State:
-glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis maintain constant blood glucose levels for the brain

Back 63

s

Front 64

8b. What are the factors that stimulate secretion of insulin?Of glucagon?

Back 64

s

Front 65

Insulin is secreted in response to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), parasympathetic input to beta cells of the pancreatic islets following a meal, and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Back 65

s

Front 66

Glucagon is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) and an increase in sympathetic input to the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

Back 66

s