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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the brainstem do?
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Links the spinal cord to the brain.
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What cranial nerve nuclei are in the brainstem?
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3-12
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What major structures are in the brainstem?
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The ascending and descending tracts
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Function of Reticular formation:
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Alertness and attention
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What type of neurotransmitter systems arise in the brianstem?
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Monoaminergic
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What are the 3 monoaminergic systems that arise in the brainstem?
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1. Norepinephrine
2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin |
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What is the nucleus where NE is produced?
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Locus coerulus
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What is the nucleus where Dopamine is produced?
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Substantia nigra
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What is the nucleus where Serotonin is produced?
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Dorsal raphe nuclei
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6 sources of blood supply to the brainstem:
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-Anterior spinal
-Posterior spinal -PICA -AICA -SCA -PCA |
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3 Components of the Brainstem:
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-Midbrain
-Pons -Medulla |
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What 4 external features can be seen in the midbrain?
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1. Corpora quadrigemina
2. Interpeduncular fossa 3. Cerebral peduncles 4. CNs 3 and 4 |
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What is the corpora quadrigemina? Functions?
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Superior colliculi = vision
Inferior colliculi = hearing |
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What are the cerebral peduncles?
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The connection from the medulla to the cerebral cortex
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What are the 3 general divisions of the internal midbrain?
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1. Tectum
2. Cerebral peduncles 3. Cerebral aqueduct |
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What is the tectum made up of?
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The colliculi (sup/inf)
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What are the 3 structures housed within the Cerebral peduncle?
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1. Tegmentum
2. Substantia nigra 3. Crus cerebri |
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The TEGMENTUM consists of what 4 things?
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1. Cranial nerve nuclei (3 / 4)
2. Red nucleus 3. Reticular formation 4. Various fiber tracts that are not crus cerebri |
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What is the crus cerebri?
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Descending fiber tracts from the cortex.
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What is the Basis pontis and where is it seen?
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It is the base of the Pons and the sight of many fiber crossings - seen externally.
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3 External feature seen on the pons:
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-Middle and superior cerebellar peduncles
-Superior medullary velum -Emerging Trigeminal nerve CN V |
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What cranial nerve nuclei are housed within the pons?
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CN V, VI, and VII (5-7)
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5 other things that are in the internal Pons:
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-Cerebellar peduncles (all)
-Pontine nuclei -Reticular formation -Fiber tracts -4th ventricle |
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What external structures can be seen at the Pontine-medullary junction?
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CN VI, VII, and VIII (6-8)
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What are 2 structures housed within the internal pontine-medullary junction?
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-Dorsal and Ventral CN 8 nuclei
-Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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What major 'column'-like structures make up the external medulla?
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-Pyramids
-Olives -Gracile tubercle -Cuneate tubercle |
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What cranial nerves emerge from the external medulla?
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9-12
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What ventricular structure is at the external pons?
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The obex - the opening of the 4th ventricle.
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What cranial nerve nuclei are housed in the internal medulla? (7)
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-Spinal nucleus and tract of V
-CN 8 and 12 nucleus -DMNX (dors motor nu: of ten) -NTS (nucleus tractus solitarus) -Vestibular nucleus -Nucleus ambiguus |
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What non-cranial nerve nuclei are in the internal medulla?
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-Inferior olivary nucleus
-Dorsal column nuclei (gracilis and cuneatus) |
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What 3 non-nuclei structures are in the internal medulla?
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-Reticular formation
-4th ventricle -fiber tracts |
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What happens to the spinal cord organization as the central canal opens into the 4th ventricle?
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It goes from being dorsal-ventrally organized to lateral-medial
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What does dorsal end up as?
What does ventral end up as? |
Basal/ventral plate -> medial
Alar/dorsal plate -> lateral |
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What are the 3 ascending tracts from the spinal cord to brain?
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-Dorsal column (medial lemniscal system)
-Anterolateral system -Spinocerebellar tract |
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What information does the dorsal column system relay?
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Fine touch and 2point discrimination.
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How many neurons in the dorsal column system?
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3 neuron relay
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What are the 3 steps in the Dorsal column system?
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1. DRG to gracile/cuneatus nuclei (synapse in medulla)
2. Ascend as medial lemniscus, cross midline, to contralateral thalamus 3. Thalamus to cortex |
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What information does the anterolateral system convey?
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Pain and temp
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How many neurons in the anterolateral system?
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3 neuron relay
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What are the 3 steps in the anterolateral pathway?
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1. DRG to spinal cord
2. Cross to contralateral anterolateral column then ascend to thalamus 3. Thalamus to cortex |
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What is the function of the spinocerebellar tract? What makes it unique?
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-Functions for balance
-Unique because it's only 2 neurons and ipsilateral |
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What are the steps of the spinocerebellar tract?
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1. DRG -> spinal cord
2. Spinal cord to cerebellum |
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4 Major Descending Tracts:
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-Corticospinal
-Corticobulbar -Corticopontine -Extrapyramidal |
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Which is ipsilateral?
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Corticopontine
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Does the corticopontine tract stay ipsilateral?
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No it crosses to the contralateral cerebellum.
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Which tract is the major output of the cortex?
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Corticospinal
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How is the corticospinal tract arranged? (4 steps in the pathway)
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1. Cortex
2. Basis pontis 3. Pyramids (decussation crosses here) 4. Spinal cord |
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How is the corticobulbar tract arranged in general?
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It has crossed and uncrossed tracts.
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Where do cortical projections in the corticobulbar tract synapse?
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At cranial nerve nuclei
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To which CN nuclei does the corticobulbar tract have direct connections?
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V, VII, XII (5, 7, 12)
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What are the steps in the corticopontine tract?
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1. Cortex
2. Pontine nuclei (synapse) 3. Contralateral cerebellum |
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What is the extrapyramidal system?
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Highly complex - major ganglia and tracts that control involuntary muscle movement.
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What defines the extrapyramidal system?
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Made of motor tracts that do not pass through the pyramidal area in ventral medulla.
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