#75-147

Front 1

Two reasons for carbon to be studied as a separate branch of chemistry.

Back 1

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements.
One carbon can bond to another.

Front 2

Large molecules are called ____.

Back 2

Macromolecules

Front 3

Most macromolecules are formed by a process called ____.

Back 3

Polymerization

Front 4

Smaller units are called ____.

Back 4

monomers

Front 5

They form larger units called ____.

Back 5

polymers

Front 6

4 major groups of macromolecules found in living things?

Back 6

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Front 7

__ are compounds made up of carbon hydrogen, an oxygen atoms in a ration of 1:2:1.

Back 7

Carbohydrates

Front 8

Name 2 uses for carbohydrates

Back 8

Main Source of Energy
Structural Purposes

Front 9

Most organisms store extra sugar as a complex carbohydrate known as ___.

Back 9

Starches

Front 10

Simple Sugar Molecules are called ___.

Back 10

Monosaccharides

Front 11

Sugar's names end in what 3 letters

Back 11

ose

Front 12

___ is a compound made by joining 2 simple sugars together.

Back 12

Glucose

Front 13

Large macromolecules fromed from monosaccharides.

Back 13

polysaccharide

Front 14

Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called ___ sometimes called animal starch

Back 14

glycogen

Front 15

what is cellulose used for and where is it stored

Back 15

Major component of both wood and paper.

Front 16

___ are large and varied groups of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water.

Back 16

lipids

Front 17

lipids are made mostly of what 2 elements

Back 17

carbon and hydrogen

Front 18

3 classes of lipids

Back 18

fats, oils, waxes

Front 19

4 uses of lipids

Back 19

Store Energy
Important parts of biological membranes
Steroids

Front 20

what are the 2 parts that make lipids.

Back 20

glycerol and fatty acids

Front 21

If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon by a single bond, the lipid is said to be ___.

Back 21

Saturated

Front 22

If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be ___.

Back 22

Unsaturated

Front 23

Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are said to be___.

Back 23

Polyunsaturated

Front 24

Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ___ at room temperature.

Back 24

Liquid

Front 25

___ ___ are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous.

Back 25

Nucleic Acids

Front 26

Nucleic Acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as ___.

Back 26

Nucleotides

Front 27

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Back 27

5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

Front 28

Some nucleotides, including the compound known as ___ ___ (___) play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy.

Back 28

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 29

What do nucleic acids do?

Back 29

Transmit hereditary information

Front 30

2 types of nucleic acids

Back 30

Ribonucleic Acid RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA

Front 31

____ are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Back 31

Proteins

Front 32

Monomer of a protein

Back 32

amino acid

Front 33

2 parts of an amino acid

Back 33

Amino Group
Carboxyl Group

Front 34

Covalent bonds called ___ ____ link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Back 34

Peptide Bonds

Front 35

6 things proteins do

Back 35

Control rate of reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form important cellular structures
transport substances into cells
out of cells
fight disease

Front 36

How many amino acids are found in nature?

Back 36

More than 20

Front 37

The reason that amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the ___ ___ which have a range of different properties.

Back 37

R-Group

Front 38

Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to instructions coded in ____.

Back 38

DNA

Front 39

What are the proteins four levels of structure?

Back 39

Sequence of amino acids
Folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure
Way in which the dif. polypeptides are arranged with respect to eachother.

Front 40

A ___ ___ is a process that changes or transforms, one set of chemicals into another.

Back 40

chemical reaction

Front 41

the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as

Back 41

reactants

Front 42

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as

Back 42

products

Front 43

Chemical reactions involve changes in the ___ ___ that join atoms in compounds.

Back 43

chemical bonds

Front 44

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur how?

Back 44

ON their own/spontaneously

Front 45

Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a ___ ___ ____

Back 45

Source of Energy

Front 46

Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the ___ ___

Back 46

activation energy

Front 47

A ___ is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Back 47

catalyst

Front 48

__ are proteins that speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Back 48

enzymes

Front 49

Enzymes are very __, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction

Back 49

specific

Front 50

How is the enzymes name formed?

Back 50

Derived from reaction it catalyzes

Front 51

How do enzymes do their jobs?

Back 51

Collide with enough energy

Front 52

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as ___.

Back 52

Substrates

Front 53

The substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the ___ ___

Back 53

active site

Front 54

The active site and the substrate have complementary ___.

Back 54

Shapes

Front 55

3 things that can affect the activity of enzymes.

Back 55

Temperature
pH
Regulatory Molecules