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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which ribs are True, False, and floating?
Which rib connects to the sternal angle? |
True = 1-7
False = 8-10 Floating =11 -12 Rib 2 connects at sternal angle |
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What are the 3 types of joints associated with ribcage?
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Costovertebral joints: synovial joints between ribs and vertebra
Sternocostal Joints: synovial joints between costal cartilages of true ribs and the sternum Costochondral joints: synchondroses between distal ends of ribs and costal cartilage |
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Which sternocostal joint is the only one that is not a synovial joint, and what kind is it?
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Sternocostal joint of 1st rib
it is a synchondrosis |
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Vertebral level of the: Jugular notch, manubrium, bifurcation of the trachea (also sternal angle)
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Jug notch - T2
Manubrium - T3-T4 Sternal angle (bifurc of trachea) - T4-T5 |
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Vertebral level of xiphoid process?
This is the midline marker for what? |
T10
midline marker for upper limit of liver, central tendon of diaphragm, inferior border of heart |
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Definition of ribs that are:
dislocated, separated, fractured |
Dislocated - displaced at the sternocostal joint
Separated - rib torn from the costal cartilage Fracture - break in the rib , often occurs at angle of the rib. |
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What type of connective tissue surrounds the mammary glands?
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Dense irregular
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What is the pathway of travel for milk out the breast?
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Alveoli > intralobular ducts > interlobular ducts > lactiferous sinuses > lactiferous duct
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What is the DUAL mode of secretion for milk in the breast?
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Merocrine - proteins and carbs secreted by exocytosis
Apocrine (portion of cell leaves) - Milk fats secreted in large lipid-type droplets |
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From birth to about 3-4 days afterwards, what is the mammary gland secreting?
5 days after birth, secreting what? |
Colostrum (birth to 3 days): very HIGH in protein and antibodies.
LOW in fat and carbs Milk (5 days after birth): LOW in protein + antibodies, HIGH in fat and carbs |
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During pregnancy, prolactin production is suppressed by _________ and _______.
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estrogen and progesterone
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After pregnancy, temporary decrease in estrogen and progesterone allows secretion of what?
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Prolactin, which stimulates milk production.
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Suckling sends impulses to _______ which in turn activates ________.
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hypothalamus
adenohypophysis |
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Oxytocin stimulates ______ cells to contract and eject milk.
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myoepithelial
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Drainage from the cysterna chyli goes to where?
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Thoracic duct
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Thoracic duct drains into the venous system where?
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at jxn of internal jug veain and the subclavian vein
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What area of the body drains to the right lymphatic duct?
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Upper right
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What area of the body drains to the thoracic duct?
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Upper left, lower left, lower right.
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Most of the drainage of the upper limb initially travels to the _______ nodes and then to the _______ nodes.
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Lateral nodes
then to apical nodes |
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Main Breast lymphatic drainage pattern.
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Breast > axillary nodes (pectoral, subscapular, apical) > inra/supraclavicular nodes > sublavian nodes > jxn of brachiocephalic + jugular veins
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What is the origin, insertion, primary actions, secondary actions, innervation of
PECTORALIS MAJOR? |
origin - clavicle, anterior sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique
insertion - lateral aspect of intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) of humerus. Primary actions - adduction and medial rotation of humerus secondary - forced inspiration Innervation - lateral and medial pectoral nerves |
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What is the origin, insertion, primary actions, secondary actions, innervation of
PECTORALIS MINOR? |
Origin - 3rd-5th ribs
Insertion - coracoid process Primary action - pull scapular inferiorly, scapular protrusion 2ndary action - forced inspiration Innervation - medial pectoral nerve |
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What is the origin, insertion, primary actions, secondary actions, innervation of
SERRATUS ANTERIOR? |
origin - ribs 1-8
insertion - anterior surface of medial border of scapula Primary actions - protrusion and inferior rotation of scapula 2ndary - forced inspiration Innervation - long thoracic nerve (runs on it's surface) |
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The inercostal veins, arteries and nerves run between what 2 layers of intercostal muscles?
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internal and innermost intercostal muscles
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External intercostal muscles are innervated by what?
And are most active during (inspiration or respiration) |
innervated by branches of thoracic VPR
Active during inspiration |
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Internal intercostal muscles are active during (inspiration or respiration)
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respiration
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What are the costal muscles that DEPRESS the ribs?
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Subcostal muscles
On internal surface of ribs |
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What nerve and vessel run on the surface of the serratus anterior?
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Long thoracic nerve and lateral thoracic artery
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Borders of superior thoracic aperture?
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Posterior - body of vertebra T1
Sides - medial margin of rib 1 anterior - manubrium |
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What are the borders of the Axillary Inlet?
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Posterior border - superior margin of scapula
Anterior border - clavicle Lateral margin - medial aspect of 1st rib Apex - medial margin of the coracoid process Base - lateral margin of rib 1 |
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Excessive connective tissue growth in the axillary inlet leads to what?
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weakness of the upper limb
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Which bronchus is wider, right or left?
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right
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The right lung has __ lobes and the left lung has __ lobes.
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Right = 3 lobes
Left = 2 lobes |
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What are the divisions of the parietal pleura?
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Costal Pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura mediastinal pleura cervical pleura |
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What artery, vein, and nerve runs thru the axillary inlet?
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Subclavian artery + vein
Brachial plexus |
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What are the pleural recesses?
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Costodiaphragmatic recess
Costomediastinal recess |
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What are the parietal and visceral pleura innervated by?
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Parietal is innervated by phrenic and intercostal nerves
Visceral is innervated by autonomic plexi but has NO pain endings |
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The base of the lungs rests on what?
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diaphragm
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With regards to the lungs, what is are the oblique and horizontal fissures?
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Oblique fissures separte each lung into upper and lower lobes
Horizontal fissure is only found in the RIGHT lung which results in a middle lobe |
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In which lung is the pulmonary artery most superior?
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Left lung
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Where are the azygos and hemiazygos veins located, and what drains into them?
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Azygos - right of vertebral column
Hemiazygos - left of vertebral column The lungs drain into these |
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What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?
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DEoxygenated
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The lungs receive parasympathetic fibers from where?
Sympathetic fibers from where? |
Para - vagus nerve
Sympathetic - sympathetic trunks |
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Lymphatic drainage from the lungs and pleura all ends up where?
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Bronchomediastinal trunk.
Everything goes towards the midline |
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What are the 3 diaphragmatic apertures and what levels are they at?
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Caval - between T8 and T9
Esophageal - At T10 Aortic - posterior to diaphragm at T12 |
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What travels through the Caval aperture?
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Inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve and lymphatic vessels
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What travels through the Esophageal aperture?
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Esophagus, sympathetic fiber, esophageal branches of left gastric vessels, ant and post vagal trunks, lymphatic vessels
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What travels through the Aortic aperture?
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Aorta, thoracic duct and sometimes the azygos vein
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What keeps the diaphragm "alive"
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C3, C4, C5
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Visceral pain (indirect pain) from the diaphragm goes back via the ______.
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phrenic nerve
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During normal inspiration, what muscles contract?
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Diaphragm, intercostals
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During FORCED inspiration, what muscles contract?
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Diaphragm, intercostals
scalenes, sternomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior |
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During normal expiration, what muscles contract?
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none
it is passive |
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During forced expiration, what muscles contract?
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external and internal obliques
transversus thoracis and abdominus Rectus abdominus |
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What is Atelectasis?
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The collapse of part or all of a lung.
Caused by blockage of the air passages or by pressure on the lung |
