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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is tachyphylaxis?
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medical term describing a rapid decrease in the response to a drug after repeated doses over a short period of time
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what is idiosyncrasy?
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an unusual reaction of any intensity, irrespective of drug dosage
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who is considered the founder of the scientific method?
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Fracis Bacon
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What are extension effects?
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These happen when the therapeutic effect becomes toxic.
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What are side effects?
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NOT RELATED to therapeutic application but predictable based on the physiological/biochemical properties.
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What is an important side effect of Phenytoin?
What is the theory behind it? |
Gingival hyperplasia
It increases expression of PDGF that stimulates cell growth and division. |
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What makes quinidine an interesting drug?
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It was originally used as an antimalarial, but was found to also be antiarrhythmic.
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What is the equation for Therapeutic index?
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LD50 / ED50
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What is the Certain Safety Factor equation?
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LD01 / ED 99
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Are drugs more likely to pass through the placental membrane early or late in pregnancy?
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LATE because the placenta gets THINNER later in pregnancy
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Major malformations are usually the result of exposure to drugs during the critical period of _________, which is the _____ trimester
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organogenesis
first trimester |
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Exposure to drugs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters usually affect what?
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organ function.
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Taking lysergic acid diethylamide during the 1st trimester has what effect to the fetus?
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chromosomal damage, stunted growth
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Taking opiod analgesics at term has what effect to the fetus/baby?
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Respiratory depression, neonatal death
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What embryonic weeks are the highest sensitivity period for enamel hypoplasia and staining, and cleft palate?
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7-9 weeks
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Hox genes do what?
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control segmentation of the branchial arches and are important for craniofacial development
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What is category A for drugs for pregnant patients?
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Studies in both animals and humans do not show risk.
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What is category B for drugs for pregnant patients?
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Animal studies have shown no risk, but there are no human studies
OR Animal studies have shown a risk, but human studies do NOT |
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What is category C for drugs for pregnant patients?
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Animal studies have shown risk, but there are no human studies
OR There are no available animal or human studies |
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What is category D for drugs for pregnant patients?
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Evidence of risk exists, but benefits OUTWEIGH risks
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What is category X for drugs for pregnant patients?
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Risks OUTWEIGH benefits
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At equilibrium, weak _____ are more concentrated in breast milk
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weak bases
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Adult values of ABSORPTION are usually achieved at what age?
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2yrs
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Adult values of DRUG DISTRIBUTION are usually achieved at what age?
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by the first year of life
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Drug dosages typically begin to approach adult values when?
METABOLISM |
in ADOLESCENCE
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What is the last thing to approach adult values in the pediatric pation?
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METABOLISM
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What is the most common way to estimate the ability of the liver to metabolize drugs?
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Determine the Child-Pugh score
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What are the Child-Pugh scores and what do they mean?
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5 = normal liver fxn
5-8 = no dosage modification needed 8-9 = Decrease initial daily does by 25% >10 = Decrease initial daily dose by 50% |
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What is the normal Creatinine Clearance Rate? (Cl cr)
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140ml / min
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Adjustment to drug dosage is necessary only when Creatinine clearance drops below __ to __ ml per minute
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30 to 40
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The degree of renal failure is defined by what?
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Creatinine clearance
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Beta 2 receptors are specific for __________.
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epinephrine
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