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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Between ages __ and __, incidence of myocardial infarction increases 5x.
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40 and 60
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ATH is much more common in men or women?
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MEN
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Myocardial infarction and other complications of ATH are uncommon in premenopausal women unless they are predisposed by what 3 things?
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Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia Severe hypertension |
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Why does incidence of ATH-related diseases increase after menopause?
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Probably due to decrease in natural estrogen levels
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When does the frequency of myocardial infarction become equal in both sexes?
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70-80 years old
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What are 4 major risk factors for atherosclerosis (ATH) that can be modified?
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Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension Cigarette smoking Diabetes |
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Higher levels of _____-density lipoprotein lowers the risk of ATH.
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High-density (HDL)
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What accounts for the relatively recent increase in incidence and severity of ATH in women?
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Cigarette smoking
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When one or more packs of cigarettes are smoked per day for several years, death rate from IHD increases by ___%.
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200%
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What condition induces hypercholesterolemia and an increased predisposition to ATH?
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Diabetes mellitus
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What is homocystinuria?
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A rare inborn error of metabolism that leads to high levels of circulating homocysteine. Patients have premature vascular disease
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Hyperhomocystinemia is caused by a low dietary intake of what?
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Folate and Vitamin B
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Multiple risk factors for ATH have a ___________ effect.
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Multiplicative
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Can ATH and its consequences develop without any apparent risk factors?
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YES
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Regarding ATH, what is the “Response to injury” hypothesis?
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Considers ATH to be a chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall initiated by injury to the endothelium
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What are the potential agents that may cause endothelial dysfunction in early ATH?
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Circulating derivatives of cigarette smoke
Homocysteine Possibly viruses and other infectious agents |
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What are the 2 most important determinants of endothelial alterations?
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Hemodynamic disturbances that accompany normal circulatory function
Adverse effects of hypercholesterolemia |
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What characteristic of plaques support a hemodynamic effect?
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Plaques have a well-defined tendency to occur at areas where there are disturbed flow patterns (Ostia of exiting vessels, branch points, posterior wall of abdominal aorta)
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What 4 disorders can cause dyslipoproteinemias (abnormal concentrations of lipoproteins in the blood)?
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Nephrotic syndrome
Alcoholism Hypothyroidism Diabetes mellitus |
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What does lowering the levels of serum cholesterol by diet or drugs do?
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Slows rate of progression of ATH.
Causes regression of some plaques. Reduces risk of cardiovascular events |
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Coronary arterial ATH may be decreased by ______ vitamins.
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Antioxidant vitamins (Beta-carotene and vitamin E)
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What 2 types of cells play a key role in ATH, which adhere to the endothelium early in ATH and migrate between ECs to localize in the intima?
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Monocytes and Macrophages
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What type of cell releases lipids into the intima?
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Macrophages
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What converts a fatty streak into a mature fibrofatty atheroma?
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SMC proliferation and the extracellular matrix that SMCs deposit in the intima
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Evidence for what infectious organism is strongest in its role of atheroma formation?
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C. pneumonia
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Morphologic studies have established that atherosclerotic _______ artery disease begins in childhood.
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coronary
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What drugs are lipid-lowering drugs?
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Statins
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What are 2 antiplatelet drugs?
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Aspirin, Plavix
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