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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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importance of CH bond
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energy rich
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redox relationship of dehydrogenation to obtain E
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dehydrogenation is an oxidation rxn
the corresponding reduction is oxygen (or other H acceptors earlier in the electron transport chain) accepting the H |
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beginning substance of glycolysis
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glucose
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product of glycolyiss
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2 pyruvate (3C)
2 ATP 2 NADH |
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where glycolysis occurs
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cytoplasm
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name of ATP production in glycolysis
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substrate level phosphorylation
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why glycolysis needs O2
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needs NAD+ regeneration
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how NAD+ is regenerated in absence of O2
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alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation |
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in what organisms does alcohol fermentation occur
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yeast
some bacteria |
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rxn of alcohol fermentation
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pyruvate -> ethanol
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in which organisms does lactic acid fermentation occur
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fungi
bacteria human muscle |
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rxn of lactic acid fermentation
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pyruvate -> lactic acid
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what happens in pyrvuate decarboxylation
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pyruvate -> acetyl + CO2
acetyl is transferred to CoA |
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how Kreb's (Citric acid) cycle begins
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acetyl group (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C)
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rxn of citric acid cycle
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2 citrate in per glucose, 2 citrate regenerated
6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP |
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where does citric acid cycle occur
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mitochondrial matrix
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where does ETC happen
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inner mito membrane
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what happens in the ETC
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electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2 to carriers
as each electron is passed, a H ion is pumped across the inner mito membrane. In cytochrome c 4H+ + 4e- + o2 -> H2O another 4H+ are pumped across the membrane the energy produced by the gradient is used by ATP synthase to make ATP |
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where the ATP comes from
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glycolysis 2 ATP 2 NADH
pyruvate decarboxylation 2 NADH TCA 18 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Takes 1 ATP to get glyocolytic NADH through mito membrane glycolytic NADH = 2ATP other NADH = 3ATP FADH2 = 2 ATP Total = 36 ATP |
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How are energy molecules other than glucose used to obtain E
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converted into glucose or one of the cycle intermediates
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what intermediate can glycerol be converted into
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PGAL - glycolytic intermediate
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how fatty acids enter cellular respiration
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1. activated using 2 ATP
2. transported into mitochondrion 3. beta oxidation converts FA into 2C fragments 4. 2C fragments converted into acetyl coA |
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what is produced for each round of beta oxidation of a fatty acid
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1 NADH
1 FADH2 |
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when does the body degrade protein
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when no carb or fat is available
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how amino acids enter cellular respiration
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MOST AMINO ACIDS
1. transamination (lose amino group forming alpha keto acid) 2. carbon atoms are converted to acetyl coA or a TCA intermediate OR (FEW AMINO ACIDS) oxidative deamination removes ammonia from aa. Ammonia is toxic in vertebrates. |
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what do mammals do with ammonia
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convert to urea
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air pathway in humans
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nose/mouth
pharynx (throat) larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli |
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role of respiration in body pH
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regulates the rate of CO2 removal
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what happens to intercostal muscles during inhalation
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contract, pushing rib cage up and out
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Inhalation (PV relationship)
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diaphragm, intercostal muscles contract
thoracic cavity volume increases pressure decreases |
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nerve controlling diaphragm
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phrenic nerve
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PV relationship of exhalation
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lung and chest walls recoil to their original positions (because they are elastic)
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how is ventilation regulated
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medulla oblongata sends out rhythmic discharges to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
when partial pressure of CO2 rises, increase in AP frequency from medulla oblongata increases rate of respiration |
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primary stimuli for respiration
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excess CO2 or H+ in the blood
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Remember respiration occurs in plants
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:-)
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