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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describing the evidence |
know the hypothesis, exposure variable, outcome variable and the study design should be able to defin the following population study population -individuals who actually took part in the study elgiible population inviduals who met the criteria to be included in the study source population - the population from which elegible study subjects were drawn the external population - inviduals not part of the sourcep opulation |
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internal validity (non causal explanations) |
are the results valid for the subjects who studied? consider bias, confounding and chance (non causal mechanisms) bias - no analytical maniuplation solves problem confounding - appropriate analysis solves issue chance should be the the main result of the study |
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internal validity (causal explanations) |
correct temporal relationship? putative exposure must act before the outcome occurs is relationship strong? dose response relationship? consistency? causation apply for wide range of study subjects specificity? given exposure provides a specified outcome |
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external validity |
but whether the association between outcome and exposure given by the study participants is likely to apply to other groups |
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comparison with other evidence |
clinical questions a large amount of evidence is available which come from different types of studies hierarchy 1 randomised clinical trials 2 cohort and case control studies 3 other comparative studies 4 case series, descriptive studies, clinical experience |
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consistency |
to say study results are consistent requires that the association has been observed in a number of different studies. |
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plausibility |
refers to tue observed association being biologically understandable on the basis of current knowledge concerning its likely mechanism |
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coherency |
regarded coherent if it fits the general features of the distribution of both exposure and the outcome under assessment. |
