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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain Carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
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Carbs are converted to monosaccharides and glucose, digested by salivary amylase and then pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells and into the hepatic portal vein, which carries them to the liver.
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Explain Protein digestion and absorption.
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Pepsin in the stomach, and the pancreatic proteases in the small intestine cleave proteins to their amino acids, which are then absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells and released into the hepatic portal vein.
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Explain Fat digestion and absorption.
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Fats are emulsified in the intestine by bile salts, then pancreatic lipase converts them to fatty acids/2-monoacylglycerols, which interact with the bile salts to form micelles. The fatty acids are absorbed from the micelles into the intestinal epithelial cells, where they are resynthesized into triacyglycerols. Then they are packed with proteins and other cpds to form the lipoprotein complexes called chylomicrons, which are secreted into the lymph and ultimately enter the blood stream.
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What is the function and message conveyed by insulin?
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Secreted from pancreatic b-cells in response to a high carb meal, it tells cells to absorb glucose.
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What is the function and message conveyed by glucagon?
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Secreted from pancreatic a-cells (this is suppressed by insulin and high glucose levels), it tells cells to make glucose.
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What are normal blood glucose levels?
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80-100 mg/dL
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Glycolysis
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Glucose-->pyruvate-->acetyl CoA
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TCA Cycle
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Acetyl CoA-->CO2
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What is the liver glycogen storage maximum?
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200-300 grams after a high-carbohydrate meal
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What does the liver do with excess glucose?
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Converts it to triacylglycerols, and packages them with proteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids to form VLDLs.
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How much glucose do the brain and neural tissues consume daily?
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150g
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What is the normal level of triacyglycerols?
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Between 60 and 150mg/dL
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What is the major function of lipoproteins?
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To provide a means of lipid transport through the blood (because lipids are largely insoluble in water).
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What are anthropometric measurements?
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Measurements of body parameters to monitor nutritional health. eg. weight/height, skinfold thickness, midarm anthropometry, and waist circumference.
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What is the byproduct of glucose utilization in the rbcs?
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lactate
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What are the 3 fuels used by exercising muscle?
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glucose from the blood, glucose from their own glycogen stores, or fatty acids from the blood.
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