6Th

Front 1

systemic veins

Back 1

the blood from all parts of the body except that coming from the lungs return to the heart by way of ________

Front 2

precaval veins

Back 2

from the sinus venosus, it extends laterally along the border of the auricle and then passes through the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Front 3

external jugular vein

Back 3

most anterior tribulatory which comes from the muscles of the floor of the mouth

Front 4

maxillary vein

Back 4

lateral branch coming from the angles of the jaws

received blood from the thyroid glands

aka mandibular

Front 5

lingual vein

Back 5

anterior and medial branch draining blood from the tongue, hyoid and floor of the buccal cavity

Front 6

innonimate vein

Back 6

middle tribulatory of the pre-cava which receives the small subscapular vein from the shoulder muscle

Front 7

internal jugular vein

Back 7

beyond the junction of the small subrascapular vein from the shoulder

it collects blood from the brain and spinal cord, the roof of the mouth, the muscles nearby and the tissues beneath the parotid gland

Front 8

subrascapular

Back 8

the vein from the shoulder muscle

Front 9

subclavian vein

Back 9

the main posterior tributary of the pre-cava which receives two small tributaries

Front 10

brachial vein

Back 10

collecting venous blood from the forelimb

Front 11

musculo-cutaneous vein

Back 11

which turns abruptly downward and is formed by two main tributaries, the muscular vein and the cutaneous vein coming from the muscles and skin respectively of the dorsal and ventro-lateral regions of the body

Front 12

postcaval vein

Back 12

follow the vein posteriorly from the sinus venosus to the liver

Front 13

hepatic veins

Back 13

one from the right lobe and the other into the liver (2)

Front 14

renal veins

Back 14

between the two kidneys

Front 15

hepatic portal system

Back 15

the blood before reaching the heart has to pass through the capillaries of the liver

Front 16

renal portal system

Back 16

the blood has to pass through the capillaries of the kidneys

Front 17

renal portal vein

Back 17

a very conspicuous vein along the outer lateral edge of each kidney

Front 18

oviducal vein

Back 18

this is found in a female toad

these are tributaries from the mesovarium or the oviducts which can be identified by tracing the renal portal vein posteriorly

Front 19

dorso-lumbar vein

Back 19

twi conspicuous veins from the muscle wall

it joins the renal portal vein at above the posterior one-fourth level of the kidney and posterior to the kidney and limbs

Front 20

femoral vein

Back 20

it branches from the renal portal vein which is the outer of the two branches which is larger than the inner one

this can be traced posteriorly to the lower portions of the hindlimbs as the main drainage of the blood

Front 21

sciatic vein

Back 21

the inner branch of the renal portal vein parallel to the femoral vein

this collect the blood mainly from the muscle of the posterior portion of the thigh

Front 22

pelvic vein

Back 22

the ventral branch of the femoral vein

Front 23

ventral abdominal vein

Back 23

the union of the two pelvic veins which runs along the posterior wall of the body cavity towards the median ventral line immediately below the abdominal wall joining the hepatic portal vein at the level of the liver

it serves as a connection between the renal and hepatic portal system so that venous blood from the hind limbs may return to the heart either by way of the kidneys or by way of the liver

Front 24

vesical vein

Back 24

this is the tributary coming from the urinary bladder and several small veins from the muscle of the ventral body wall

Front 25

hepatic portal system

Back 25

this system is closely associated with the digestive system

Front 26

gastric veins

Back 26

coming from the stomach and two in number, one comes from the ventral surface of the stomach (right) and the other from the dorsal surface of the same organ (left)

Front 27

pancreatic veins

Back 27

receiving blood from the pancreas

Front 28

intestinal veins

Back 28

coming from the small intestines, spreading fan-like

Front 29

anterior hemorrhoidal vein

Back 29

coming from the large intestine

Front 30

splenic

Back 30

a short and small vein coming from the spleen

aka lineal vein

Front 31

pulmonary veins

Back 31

two short straight vessels found running from the inner border of the base of each lung obliquely towards the sinus venosus

Front 32

arterial system

Back 32

carries blood away from the heart towards the different parts of the body

Front 33

conus arteriousus

Back 33

the swollen structure arising from the base of the right side of the ventricle and passing obliquely across the auricles

Front 34

truncus arteriosus

Back 34

two branches of the conus arteriosus

Front 35

carotid arch

Back 35

most anterior of three arches

conveys arterial blood to the head region

aka common carotid artery

Front 36

external carotid artery

Back 36

a smaller medial branch which supplies blood from the tongue, hyoid apparatus, thyroid gland, various muscles at the floor of the mouth and posterior region of the jaws

aka lingual artery

Front 37

internal carotid artery

Back 37

at the point of forking locate a pigmented oval body, the carotid gland

Front 38

systemic arch

Back 38

this is the middle arch

Front 39

laryngeal artery

Back 39

the first small branch from the systemic arch which goes to the laryngeal prominence and also supplies to the esophagus

Front 40

occipito-vertebral artery

Back 40

the systemic arch proceeds dorsally and curves posteriorly

Front 41

occipital artery

Back 41

right at the base where it forks out from vertebral artery

gives forth a small going to the brain passing through the foramen magnum

Front 42

vertebral artery

Back 42

this artery proceeds alongside the vertebral column on the dorsal part and supplies branches to the muscle along the vertebral column and to the vertebrae

Front 43

subclavian artery

Back 43

which goes to the forelimbs to several muscles to the otic region

Front 44

dorsal aorta

Back 44

grows out to the nearby region of the esophagus, the esophageal artery

Front 45

coeliaco-mesentric artery

Back 45

a big branch to the digestive organs immediately after the dorsal aorta

Front 46

coeliac artery

Back 46

the anterior branch of the coeliaco-mesentery

Front 47

left gastric artery

Back 47

going to the ventral part of the stomach

Front 48

right gastric artery

Back 48

going to the dorsal side of the stomach and pancreas

Front 49

hepatic artery

Back 49

going to the liver and the gall bladder

Front 50

anterior mesenteric artery

Back 50

the posterior branch of the coeliaco mesentery

Front 51

lineal artery

Back 51

a branch coming from the anterior mesenteric artery followed by a duodenal branch to the duodenum, and continues posteriorly from a distance

aka splenic artery

Front 52

anterior haemorrhoidal artery

Back 52

a branch from the splenic artery at a distance from the duodenum and then splits into three or four smaller arteries going to the anterior portion of the large intestine

Front 53

urogenital artery

Back 53

supply the kidneys, flat bodies and the gonads and their ducts

Front 54

lumbar artery

Back 54

go to the dorsal body wall, originating from the dorsal aorta

Front 55

common iliac artery

Back 55

locate the small posterior mesenteric artery that goes to the posterior portion of the large intestine

Front 56

epigastrico-vesical artery

Back 56

it supplies branches to the muscles of the lateral ventral abdominal wall, urinary bladder and cloaca

Front 57

femoral artery

Back 57

small branch going to the muscles at the base of the thigh

Front 58

sciatic artery

Back 58

continuation of the femoral artery at the remaining regions of the hindlimb, a large and well develop artery

Front 59

pulmo-cutaneous arch

Back 59

most posterior arch

Front 60

pulmonary artery

Back 60

a short artery that goes to the lungs

Front 61

cutaneous artery

Back 61

it proceeds outwardly and anteriorly and disappears in front of the shoulder and comes out infront of the suprascapula

Front 62

external anatomy of the heart

Back 62

remove the pericardial sac, both the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

Front 63

conical ventricle

Back 63

posterior portion

Front 64

two atria (left and right)

Back 64

anterior to the ventricle

Front 65

bulbos cordis

Back 65

ventral side of the right antrium

aka conus arteriousus

Front 66

sinus vinosus

Back 66

two pre-canal veins and the postcaval vein empty

Front 67

cerebral hemisphere

Back 67

a pair of elongated bodies which are separated from each other by a median groove

posterior to the olfactory lobes

Front 68

twixt brain

Back 68

posterior to the cerebral hemisphere

aka diencephalon

Front 69

mid-brain

Back 69

immediately posterior to the twixt brain which is a pair of rounded bodies, the optic lobes

aka mesencephalon

Front 70

cerebellum

Back 70

posterior to the optic lobes

a narrow transverse fold

aka metencephalon

Front 71

medulla oblongata

Back 71

triangular portion formed by a broadening of the anterior end of the spinal cord

aka myelencephalon

posterior to the cerebellum

Front 72

optic chiasma

Back 72

the crossing of the fibers of the two optic nerves which supply the retina of the eyes

Front 73

infundibulum

Back 73

a bilobed, flat structure which forms the ventral extension of the diecephalon

posterior to the optic chiasma

Front 74

hypophysis

Back 74

attached to the infundibulum

sometimes is not seen for it may be left in the sells turcica

aka pituitary body

Front 75

first and second ventricles

Back 75

can be seen in the cerebral hemisphere on the lateral ventricles one in each hemisphere

Front 76

ventricles

Back 76

cavities in the brain

Front 77

central canal

Back 77

cavity of the spinal cord

Front 78

third ventricle

Back 78

can be seen in the twixt brain by means of the foramen Monroe

Front 79

optic ventricles

Back 79

the cavities of the optic lobes

aka optocoeles

Front 80

fourth ventricle

Back 80

this is the cavity in the medulla which is the largest ventricle

it communicates anteriorly with the third ventricle and the optocoeles

Front 81

spinal cord

Back 81

the extension of the medulla oblongata until its terminal end

Front 82

filum terminale

Back 82

the terminal end of the spinal cord which is a tapering portion which occupies the cavity of the urostyle

Front 83

brachial enlargement

Back 83

the anterior enlargement of the spinal cord that is short and somewhat flattened where the nerves which supply the forelimbs originate

Front 84

lumbar enlargement

Back 84

the posterior enlargement from where the nerves that supply the hindlimbs originate

Front 85

spinal nerves

Back 85

arising from the sides of the spinal cord

Front 86

brachial plexus

Back 86

the first three pairs that supply the forelimb which is fused

Front 87

abdominal nerves

Back 87

the 4th, 5th and 6th pairs are separate

Front 88

lumbo-sacral plexus

Back 88

the last four pairs found on either side parallel to the urostyle which is fused, this supply the hindlimbs

Front 89

cauda equina

Back 89

at the posterior end of the spinal cord the roots of the spinal nerves become crowded; the latter together with the filum terminale form this

Front 90

dura mater

Back 90

the outer membrane (meninges)

Front 91

pia mater

Back 91

inner substance

aka secondary merinx

Front 92

subdural space

Back 92

the space between the two membranes which in life is filled with cerebrospinal fluid that fills the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

Front 93

gray matter

Back 93

trapezoidal in shape

occupies the central region of the cord

Front 94

dorsal and ventral columns

Back 94

the four corners of the trapezoidal gray matter

Front 95

white matter

Back 95

the rest of spinal cord substance surrounding the gray matter

Front 96

central canal

Back 96

a small canal found at the central region of the cross section of the spinal cord

Front 97

ventral columns

Back 97

found at corner of the trapezoidal gray matter which is much broad and contain the large motor cells

Front 98

dorsal columns

Back 98

narrower than the ventral columns

Front 99

ventral fissure

Back 99

it nearly separates the spinal cord into two symmetrical halves which continues as the ventral septum

it is deeper and encloses the ventral spinal artery

Front 100

dorsal fissure

Back 100

is shallow and is continuous by a narrow septum composed of loose tissue toward the central canal

Front 101

ependymal cell

Back 101

the mass of cells surrounding the central canal

Front 102

ventral spinal artery

Back 102

the small blood vessel below the ventral fissure