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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two divisions of acquired immunity? |
1. humoral response (antibodies)
2. cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes) |
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What are the three types of proteins found on the surface of an activated dendritic cell involved in activating a T cell |
1. MNC proteins, which present foreign antigen
2. Co-stimulatory proteins, which bind to complementary receptors
3. Cell-cell adhesion molecules, which enable a Tcell to bind to the dendrite long enough to become activated (hours) |
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What method can dendritic cells use other than surface proteins to activate T cells? |
activated dendritic cells secrete a variety of cytokines that can influence the type of effector helper Tcell that develops |
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How do dendritic cells become activated? |
by engulfing a pathogen, degrading the pathogen proteins, then exposing the proteins on surface of the dendrite |
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What are the targets of traditional vaccine types? |
1. viral & bacterial pathogens 2. Bacterial toxins 3. Parasitic agents (malaria, worms)
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What are the six types of traditional vaccines? |
1. Live, attenuated bacteria 2. Dead or inactivated bacteria 3. Live attenuated viruses 4. Inactivated viruses 5. Toxoids 6. Pathogen-derived antigens |
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What is the example of a live attenuated bacteria vaccine? |
bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) against TB |
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What are the examples (2) of dead or inactivated bacteria vaccines? |
cholera
pertussis (shooping cough) |
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What are the examples (3) of live attenuated virus vaccines? |
measles
mumps
yellow fever |
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What are the examples (2) of inactivated virus vaccines? |
Hep A
poliomyelitis (Salk) |
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What are the examples (2) of toxoid vaccines? |
diptheria
tetanus |
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What are the examples (4) of pathogen-derived antigen vaccines? |
Hep B
meningococcal
pneumococcal
Haemophilus influenzae |
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How do you make an inactivated virus vaccine? |
Basically, you heat or irradiate the virus to "kill" it |
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What are the steps of the traditional method to produce an attenuated virus vaccine? |
1. Isolate virus for a patient and grow in culture 2. Infect monkey cells with cultured virus 3. The virus acquires mutations to thrive in monkey cells, but decrease its ability to proliferate in human cells (selective pressure) 4. When the virus can no longer grow well in human cells, it can be used as a vaccine |
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What are the steps to produce an attenuated virus using rDNA method? |
1. Isolate the pathogenic virus 2. Isolate the virulence gene 3. Mutate OR delete the virulence gene 4. Result is viable, immunogenic, but avirulent and can be used as a vaccine
- for mutation, change must be large enough that it cannot revert back to wild type - can only delete virulence gene if it is stand alone (doesn't code for anything else) |
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What are the advantages of rDNA vaccines over conventional production? (3) |
1. safe, non-pathogenic, no undetected pathogens 2. unlimited supply of product 3. less likely to cause unexpected side effects |
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What was the first approved rDNA subunit vaccine?
What cell lines has it been produced in? |
Hep B surface antigen (rHBsAg) in 1986
- has been produced in E. coli, S. cerevisiae, & others |
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What is Engerix-B? |
rHBsAG (hep B surgace antigen) |
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What is Twinrix? |
mixture of inactivated hep A virus and rHBsAg (hep B surface antigen) |
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What is Tritanrix? |
mixture of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with rHBsAg (hep B surface antigen) |
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What are the three brand examples that include rHJBsAg subunit vaccine? |
1. Engerix-B (rHBsAg)
2. Twinrix (inactivated hep A & rHBsAg)
3. Tritanrix (diphtheria & tetanus toxoids plus rHBsAg) |
