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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a memory?
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A permanent change in the CNS that can be reproduced exactly at a later time
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4 required conditions for memory:
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1. Environmental and/or organism's own activity
2. CNS change 3. Maintain change 4. Subsequent behavior related to input |
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2 main forms of Long Term Memory:
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1. Explicit (declarative)
2. Implicit (nondeclarative) |
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What is Explicit memory?
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Facts and events
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Where is explicit memory mediated?
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Medial temporal lobe
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What is Implicit memory?
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Priming
Procedural Associative Learning Nonassociative learning |
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Where are Priming memories mediated?
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Neocortex
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Where are Procedural memories mediated?
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Striatum
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What are 2 types of Associative learning memories and where is each mediated?
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-Emotional; Amygdala
-Skeletal muscle; Cerebellum |
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What is Nonassociative learning?
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Habituation and Sensitization
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Where are Nonassociative learning memories mediated?
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In Reflex Pathways
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So what would cause you to forget all you've learned in medical school?
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Damage to the medial temporal lobe
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What are the 2 main types of Declarative/Explicit memory?
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-Episodic
-Semantic |
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What is Episodic memory?
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Recollection of incidents that occurred at a particular time in the past.
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What is Semantic memory?
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Knowledge of facts and concepts, but not linked to a time and place.
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2 types of amnesia:
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-Anterograde
-Retrograde |
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What is Anterograde amnesia?
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Memory loss followed by the inability to learn new info
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What is Retrograde amnesia?
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Inability to recall information that was learned prior to the memory loss
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Who was HM?
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A patient that had epilepsy in his temporal lobe
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What happened to HM?
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Surgeons decided to try to stop his epileptic seizures by removing the medial temporal lobe.
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What exactly did surgeons remove from HM?
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His bilateral temporal lobes
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What type of amnesia did HM develop?
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Anterograde - he could not learn anything new, couldn't store any new memories.
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What is the moral of HM's story?
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Psychosurgery = bad; don't remove the bilateral temporal lobes.
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What deficits result from removing the right temporal lobe?
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Spatial deficits
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What deficits result from removing the left temporal lobe?
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Speech deficits - word recall
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What brain structure is it that gives differential deficits when removed from right vs left lobe?
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The hippocampus
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What is the Frontal Lobe's role in memory?
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-Chronology
-Autobiography -Encoding -Retrieval |
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What part of the frontal cortex is important in encoding information for Episodic memory?
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Left frontal cortex
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What part of the frontal cortex is important in encoding information for Episodic memory retrieval?
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Right frontal cortex
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Is semantic memory affected much by the frontal lobe?
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No
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What is autobiographical memory?
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A composite of facts and events - both semantic and episodic
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Does ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) help memory recall?
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Nope
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Lesioning what area will take away recall of the past, but won't affect the ability lay down new memories?
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Anterior temporal pole
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Are all semantic memories uniformly "solid"?
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No; some are easier to remember than others.
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What do we call it when oldest memories can be recalled easily, but not more newly created memories?
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A temporal gradient
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What do patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy due to Korsikoff's syndrome have problems with?
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Recalling more recent events
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Where did patient PZ, who wrote his own autobiography and then tested his ability to recall over the next few decades, have lesions?
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-DMN of thalamus
-Mamillary bodies |
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What does ECT do to the ability to retrieve remote memories?
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Makes recalling recent events much worse.
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Why can memories vary in terms of how "solid" they are?
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Because there is a time period where memories are unstable and can be disrupted by brain insult.
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What brain structure is involved in solidifying and consolidating memory?
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Hippocampus
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What is the main difference between Explicit and Implicit memory?
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-We are conscious of explicit
-We are unconscious of implicit |
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What is Priming?
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An improvement in identification of a partial item after a recent exposure to the entire item
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What does Priming help you do?
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Pick out things that are alike and generalize
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What area is involved in priming?
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Posterior neocortex regions - the occipital temporal junction.
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How do we know priming doesn't occur in the medial temporal lobe?
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Bc in an amnestic person whose free recall is poor, their ability to recall after priming is actually much better.
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What is an example of PROCEDURAL learning?
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Skills and habits - like a surgeon learning a procedure.
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Brain structure responsible for procedural learning:
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Striatum
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When HM was given a Pursuit Rotor task and practiced every day what happened to his percent error?
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It improved!
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How did HM improve?
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Because procedural learning is not in the temporal lobe - it's in the striatum
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What is Classical conditioning?
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The pairing of a response to a reward
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What type of learning is classical conditioning?
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Associative
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What does Working memory do?
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Holds information online so you can rapidly recall it for a basic cognitive task.
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How long is working memory retention?
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Seconds
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Does HM have working memory? Why/why not?
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Yes - because it's not contained in the medial temporal lobe.
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What does the Atkinson-Shifrin model of short and long-term memory say?
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That you have to go through Short-term working memory to get to long-term memory.
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What is the problem with the Atkinson-Shifrin model?
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You can have focal SHORTterm memory loss, but normal longterm memory; so it can't be true.
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What brain areas are associated with working memory?
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Prefrontal brain areas
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What are 3 general types of conditions that produce memory loss?
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-Normal aging
-Cortical dementia -Subcortical dementia |
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What happened to superman in his later years?
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Dang he forgot where he was going
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What type of memory does aging most profoundly affect?
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Associative memory performance
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How does Huntington's disease cause memory deficits?
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Dysruption in the basal ganglia disrupts connections to the frontal lobe.
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What type of memory is disrupted in Huntington's?
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Coordination
Procedural memory |
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What is the specific deficit in Alzheimer's disease that causes memory loss?
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Cholinergic deficit
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What areas are affected by the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's? How do we know?
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-Hippocampus
-Parietal/temporal/frontal cortices We see a 75-90% volume reduction! |
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2 Cortical dementias:
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-Alzheimer's
-Neimann Pick |
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What type of memory loss occurs in Cortical dementias? Why?
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-Severe anterograde memory loss
-Due to storage and consolidation problems |
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What area is involved in cortical dementias?
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Medial temporal
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What are 5 Subcortical dementias?
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-Parkinsons
-Hungtington's -Normal pressure hydrocephalus -Multiple sclerosis -Head injury |
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What type of memory loss occurs in Cortical dementias? Why?
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-Milder anterograde memory loss
-Due to retrieval deficits |
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What area is involved in Subcortical dementias?
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Frontostriatal circuits
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What do the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus mimic?
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Alzheimer's - progressive memory loss.
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Why does MS cause memory loss?
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Because of the loss of myelin due to autoimmune destruction, and loss of nerve conduction.
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Why does head injury cause memory loss?
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Hope it's self explanatory..
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