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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The degree to which the relationship observed is generalizable across persons, settings, and times.
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external validity
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Name two strategies a researcher might use in gathering needed information on a specific problem/issue?
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Discussions
review relevant literature gather current information from experts conduct information-gathering visits and observations |
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What is effect size?
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strength or magnitude of a reported relationship
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What is Type 1 error?
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probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
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What is mixed-methods research?
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use of supplemental research strategies to collect data that would not otherwise be attainable by using the main method and incorporating these data into the base method.
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Name a few non-probability sampling designs.
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convenience
similar/dissimilar typical cases critical cases snowball quota |
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Two stages of a two-staged RCT?
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random sampling
random assignment |
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What does HIPPA stand for?
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Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act
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Main difference between randomized controlled experiment and quasi-experiments?
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Quasi: assignment to treatment condition is determined non-randomly
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Name and describe one quasi-experimental design
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before-after
interrupted time series between-group |
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What is meant by "applied research"?
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settings
targets applied research uses scientific methods to develop information to help solve problems |
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Applied research is aims to ____________________, while basic is more just ___________.
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understand problem w/ intent to contribute to solution; knowledge.
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What are some challenges to applied research?
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PURPOSE
- broad and narrow q's (timing) - complex environment - competing explanations - complexity of measurement in "real world" - practical v statistical significance |
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More challenges to applied research?
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CONTEXT
- diverse settings w/ diff demands - client initiated - research teams |
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More challenges to applied research?
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METHODS
- importance of external validity - framework to conduct and interpret empirical studies of causal relationships - assesses "to what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can - is it useful when causal relationship does not generalize? |
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More challenges to applied research?
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METHODS
- validity and reliability of measures - accurate measures of variables of interest - multiple levels of analysis - multiple methods - iterative process - redefinitions of problem |
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So what's this about a hypothesis?
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Implicit w/in intervention
if-then provides mechanism for program evaluation |
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What's an example of a hypothesis?
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If we are able to offer services that effectively deal with factors associated with overweight, then we should see a loss or maintenance of weight.
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Types of Hypotheses
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Where to intervene
Relevant and effective program or service dependent on clear and logical hypothesis Two subsets of sub-hypotheses |
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What is the sequential process for applied research design?
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Definition, design/plan, implementation, report
(PLANNING -----> EXECUTION) |
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What is Stage 1 of defining the focus of research?
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understanding the problem
- hold discussions - review the lit - gather current info form experts - info-gathering visits and observations (DEVELOP A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK) |
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What is Stage 2 of developing a research design and plan?
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Simultaneous and interrelated activities.
- select a design - choose data collection approaches - inventory resources - assess feasibility of proposed approach - determining trade-offs |
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Importance of research design?
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Credibility
- validity - rigor Useful - appropriately targeted Feasible - ability to execute w/in time and resources |
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FEATURES OF DESIGN:
Maximizing validity? |
degree to which inference drawn from a study, esp. generalizations extending beyond the study sample, are warranted when account is taken of
- study methods - representatives of study sample - nature of population from which it was drawn |
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FEATURES OF DESIGN:
Varieties of study validity: |
internal validity
- inference of causal effect external validity - construct validity - statistical conclusion validity - appropriate design and statistical methods Validity emphasis depends on research question |
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More Features of Design
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Identifying key variables and concepts
Outlining comparisons Level of analysis Population, geographic, and time boundaries Level of precision |
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More Features of Design
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Selecting a Research Design
- Quantitative - descriptive - experimental - quasi-experimental Qualitative Hybrids - use of combination's |
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Descriptive Research Design
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description and purpose
- picture of phenomenon as it occurs - does not describe cause-effect relationships - correlational data Variations - cross-sectional - longitudinal |
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Descriptive Research Design (2)
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Strengths
- low cost - easy, short time Limitation - temptation to make causal inferences |
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Experimental Research Design
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Description and purpose
- test existence of causal relationship - independent variable is systematically varied Key features - random assignment - treatment and control |
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Experimental Research Design (2)
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Variations
- post-only design - varied features - use of pre-observation - number of measurement periods - number of treatment and control groups |
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Experimental Research Design (3)
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Strengths
- control over threats to internal validity - ability to rule out alternate explanations Limitations - difficult to implement in 'real world' setting - lack of research training in adherence |
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Quasi-experimental Research Design
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- description and purpose
- natural social setttings, even though there is a lack of full control - Key features - non-equivalent comparison groups - pre-and post-treatment observations on treatment |
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Quasi-experimental Research Design (2)
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Variations
- data collection from tow or more non-equivalent groups - multiple observations over time - # of measurements periods - determination of treatment and control groups |
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Quasi-experimental research (3)
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When to use
- fallback when randomization is not possible |
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Quasi-experimental Research (4)
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Strengths
- approximation of experiment - supports causal inferences Limitations - Bias |
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Selecting Data Collection Approaches
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Data Collection Issues
- sources of available data - form of available data - amount of data needed - accuracy and reliability of data - fit of data to parameters of design |
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Selecting Data Collection Approaches
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Methods of Data Collection
- Sources of data - primary - secondary - Form of data - self-report - research databases - observational data - documents |
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Methods of Data Collection (2)
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Amount of data
Accuracy, validity, and reliability of data Data fit the study design Data collecting instruments |
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Resource Planning
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Data
- Primary data collection - Site selection number 'typical' - Authorization access to site responsibility |
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Resource Planning
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Data (2)
-Data collection process recruitment after access plan for data collection -Accessibility location scheduling and space |
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Data (3)
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Secondary analysis
- lower cost and time saving - managing large amounts of flawed and/or inappropriate data - Formats not designed for research Time as a resource Personnel |
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Making Trade-Offs and Testing Feasibility
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Choosing design trade-offs
Feasibility testing Personnel |
