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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Color, Clarity, Voume of Urine
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Yellow/Amber, Clear, 24hr 750-2000
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Specific Gravity of Urine
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Normal 1.002 - 1.030 High - dehydration Low - Hydration
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Glucose in Urine
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DM, impaired tubular reabsorption, advanced tubular renal disease, CNS damage, thyroid disorders, Pregnancy
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Ketones in Urine
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DKA, insulin monitoring, starvation, lipid/carb metabolism, stress
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Bilirubin in Urine
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Hep, cirrhosis, biliary obstxn (conjugated bilrubin)
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Urobilinogen in Urine
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Abn > 2.0, early liver dz, hemolytic disorders
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Blood in Urine
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Hematuria (renal probs), Hemoglobulinuria (transfusions, hemolytic anemia), Myoglobinuria (muscular)
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pH of Urine
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Normal 4.6-8.0
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Acidic Urine
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<6, high protein diet, acidosis, uncontrolled DM
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Alkaline Urine
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>8, high veggie, dairy diet, UTIs
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Protein in urine
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GN, impaired tubular reabsorp, MM, diabetic neuropathy (albumin)
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Nitrites in Urine
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bacteria, monitor UTI risk, screen for urine culture specimens, monitor abx therapy
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Leukocyte Esterase
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UTI, screen for urine culture specimens, 2nd to vag d/c
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Hyaline Casts in urine
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m/c type, commonly nonpatho, can be GN, renal/heart failure, exercise/stress
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RBC Casts in urine
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GN, exercise
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WBC Casts in urine
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pyelonephritis
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Epithelial Cell Casts in urine
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renal tubular damage
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Granular Casts in urine
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GN, pyelonephritis, stress/exercise
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Waxy Casts in urine
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stasis of urine flow
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Fatty Casts in urine
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Broad Casts in urine
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extreme stasis of flow
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Bacterial Casts in urine
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pyelonephritis
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Abnormal Crystals in urine
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cytine, cholesterol, leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin, sulfonamides, ampicillin, radiograph dye
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Normal Crystal in urine
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urates, calcium oxalate (acid); phosphate, triple phosphate (alkaline)
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Decreased BUN
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SIADH, liver dz, protein depletion, nephrotic, celiac dz, overhydration
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Increased Creatinine
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prerenal, instinisic renal, rhabdomuolysis
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Decreased Creatinine
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debilitation, decreased muscle mass, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis
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Increased CC
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exercise, pregnancy, high CO syndromes
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Decreased CC
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impaired kidney fxn, decreased kidney BF
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Decreased urine osmolarity
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DI, RTN, excessive fluid intake
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Increaed urine osmolatiry
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SIADH, paraneoplastic syndrome, shock, hep cirrhosis, CHF
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Increased urine osmolar gap
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proteinuria, constrast media, organic particles
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Serum Hyperosmolarity
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dehydration, DI, DM, RTN, uremia, ETOH
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Serum Hyposmolarity
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overhydration, SIADH, paraneoplastic syndrome
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Increased urine K
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RTAcidosis, starvation, hyperaldosteronism, cushing's (corstisol), alkalotic states, diuretics
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Decreased urine K
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dehydration, Addison's, malnut/D/V/malabs, renal failure
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Increased urine Na
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dehydration, diuretics, SIADH, CRF, adrenocortical insuff (aldosterone and corticosteriod), DKA
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Decreased urine Na
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CHF, D, Cushing's, Aldosteronsim
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PSA
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exclusive to prostate, screen in combo with DRE, only FDA approved TM
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PAP
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sensitive, not specific; staging prostate CA and monitoring response to tx, use in combo with PSA
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CEA
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early detection or recurrence of colorectal CA
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FOB
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screening for colorectal Ca (positive = purple box); iron, vit D, veggies, pepto give false positives
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CA-125
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ovarian and adenocarcinomas of cervix and fallopian tubes
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CA 15-3
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breast CA
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CA 19-9
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pancreatic CA
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AFP
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neural tube defect, hepatomas; normally peaks in preg 14wks then replaced with albumin
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ERA and PGRA
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breast CA, together have best response to hormonal therapy
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HCG
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pregnancy test, many false positive due to cross reactivity
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Serum Thyroglobulin
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monitor thyroid CA
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Calcitonin
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medullary thyroid CA
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ANA
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primarily SLE; sjoren;s, RA, scleroderma, PAN, PMR, giant cell arterities
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Anti-DNA
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high titers for SLE, correlate with disease activity and onset of lupus GN
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Anti-Smith (SM)
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specific to SLE, assoc with renal involement
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Anti-SSA, Anti-SSB
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Sjorgen's
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Anticerntromere Ab
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Limited scleroderma
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Antipoisomerase Ab
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Diffuse scleroderma
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Serum Complement Levels
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depressed - active, chronic SLE
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RF
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for RA > 1:80, no found in DJD
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HLA-B27
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spondyloarthritis, Reiter's and Anklosing Spondylitis
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ESR
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increase with disease severity, decrease with improvement, see lag time in early infection
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CRP
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acute phase of infxn disease, mores senstive than ESR, predicts heart disease risk and acute MI
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Uric Acid
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gouty arthritis, recurrent kidney stones
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Hypouricemia
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Wilson's, Fanconi's, lead poisoning, x-ray contrast, sever liver dz
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Blood Brain Barrier
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endothelial cells of brain capillaries form tight junctions
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CSF Blood Barrier
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choroid ependymal cells form tight junctions
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Indications for CSF Analysis
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meningitis/encephalitis, SAH confirmation, CNS malignanct, non-infxn CNS, intro anesthetics, drugs, media
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C/I to CSF Analysis
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Increased ICP, non cooperate, coagulopathy, anticoagulation, spinal cord compression, infxn of skin, anatomic malformations
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Appearance, Preassure, Glucose, Protein of CSF
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Clear, 90-180 P, 40-70 G, 15-45 Protein
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Blood in CSF
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SAH, cerebral hem, traumatic tap (clears after 1st tube)
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Turbitity of CSF
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leukocytes, microorgs, protein, epidural fat, contrast
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Xanthochromia of CSF
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lysed RBC, bilirubin
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Increased CSF Pressure
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intracranial tumors/abscess/lesion, meningitis, cerebral edema, SAH, thrombosis of venous sinuses
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Decreased CSF Pressure
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circulatory collapse, sev deyhdration, spinal fluid leak
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Increased Neutrophils in CSF
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bacterial meningitis, abscess/tumor
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Increased Lymphocytes in CSF
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Viral, TB, Fungal menin, Syphilis
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Increased Eosinophils in CSF
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parasitic infxn
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Decreased Glucose in CSF
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bacterial menin, TB/Fungal mening, sustemic hypoglycemia
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Increased Glucose in CSF
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high plasma glucose levels
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Increased Protin in CSF
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traumatic tap, increased perm of blood-CSF barrier, infxns, Gullain-Barre, MS
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Decreased Protein in CSF
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low systemic protein, leakage, removal
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CSF VDRL
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neurosyphilis
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CSF LDH
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non specific, lymphoma, leukemia
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CSF protein electgrophoreses
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abnormal immunoglobulins in MS pts (oligoclonal bands)
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CSF cytology
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malignant cells from primary or met dz in the SA space
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